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182 UNIT II Nursing Philosophies

caring administration, and interdisciplinary research. people’s conception of health (1998; Lindholm &
Eriksson’s caritative caring theory has been tested and Eriksson, 1998) and Bondas’ study of women’s health
further developed in various contexts with different during the perinatal period (2000; Bondas & Eriksson,
methodological approaches, both within the depart- 2001) led to doctoral dissertations.
ment’s own research projects and in doctoral disserta- The ontological health model subsequently formed
tions that have been published at the department. the basis for several studies. Wärnå (2002), in her study
Eriksson has always emphasized the importance concerning the worker’s health, related Aristotle’s the-
of basic research as necessary for clinical research, ory of virtue to Eriksson’s ontological health model.
and her main thesis is that substance should direct The study opened a new line of thought in preventive
the choice of research method. In her book, Pausen health service in working environments; continued
(The Pause) (Eriksson, 1987b), she describes how the research and development are now in progress in a
research object is structured, starting from the carita- number of factories in the wood-processing industry
tive theory of caring. In her book, Broar (Bridges) in Finland.
(Eriksson, 1991), she describes the research paradigm Since the mid-1980s, when suffering as the basic
and various methodological approaches based on a category in caring was made explicit in Eriksson’s
human science perspective. During the first few years, theory, examples of research related to suffering have
the emphasis lay on basic research, with the focus on been legion. One is Wiklund’s (2000) study of suffer-
development of the basic concepts and assumptions ing as struggle and drama, among both patients
of the theory and on the fundamentals of history and who had undergone coronary bypass surgery and
the history of ideas. An especially strong point in patients addicted to drugs. In several clinical studies,
Eriksson’s research is the clearly formulated theoreti- Råholm focused on suffering and alleviation of suffer-
cal perspective that confers explicitness and greater ing in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery
depth to the generation of knowledge. Development (Råholm, Lindholm, & Eriksson, 2002; Råholm, 2003).
of the theory and research have always moved hand in The manifestation of suffering in a psychiatric context
hand with the focus on various dimensions of the has been studied by Fredriksson, who illustrates the
theory, and, in this connection, we wish to illustrate possibilities of the caring conversation in the allevia-
some central results of the research. tion of suffering (Fredriksson, 2003; Fredriksson
Eriksson has emphasized the necessity of an exhaus- & Eriksson, 2003; Fredriksson & Lindström, 2002).
tive and systematic analysis of basic concepts, and Nyback (2008) studied suffering in the Chinese cul-
developed her own model of concept development ture, and Lindholm (2008) focused on suffering and
(Eriksson, 1991, 1997b), which proved fruitful and is its connection to domestic violence. In a Norwegian
used by many researchers, including Nåden (1998) in study, Nilsson (2004) studied suffering in patients in
his study of the art of caring, von Post (1999) in her psychiatric noninstitutional care units with a high
study of the concept of natural care, Sivonen (2000) in degree of ill health and found that the experience of
studies of the concepts of soul and spirit, and Kasén loneliness is of basic importance. Caspari (2004) in her
(2002) in her study of the concept of the caring relation- study illustrated the importance of aesthetics for
ship. Other studies focused on the concept of dignity health and suffering.
(Edlund, 2002), the concepts of power and authority In a cooperative project between researchers in
(Rundqvist, 2004), and the concept of the body in a Sweden and Finland, the suffering of women with
perioperative context (Lindwall, 2004). breast cancer was studied. This project comprised in-
Continued development of Eriksson’s concept of tervention studies in which the importance of different
health took place in the research project Den Mång- forms of care for the alleviation of suffering was illus-
dimensionella Hälsan (Multidimensional Health), trated (Arman, Rehnsfeldt, Lindholm, & Hamrin,
during the years 1987 to 1992 and resulted in the on- 2002; Arman-Rehnsfeldt & Rehnsfeldt, 2003; Lindholm,
tological health model (Eriksson, 1994a; Eriksson, Nieminen, Mäkelä, & Rantanen-Siljamäki, 2004).
Bondas-Salonen, Fagerström, et al., 1990; Eriksson & Arman-Rehnsfeldt, in her dissertation, illustrated how
Herberts, 1992). The project resulted in a number of the drama of suffering is formed among these women
master’s theses. Of these, Lindholm’s study of young (Arman, 2003).