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CHAPTER 20 Afaf Ibrahim Meleis 381

Nature of Transition Transition Conditions: Patterns of Response
Types Facilitators and Inhibitors Process Indicators
Developmental Personal Feeling connected
Situational Meanings Interactions
Health/Illness Cultural beliefs & attitudes Locating and being situated
Organizational Socioeconomic status Developing confidence and
Preparation & knowledge coping
Patterns
Single Outcome Indicators
Multiple Mastery
Sequential Community Society Fluid Integrative Identities
Simultaneous
Related
Unrelated

Properties Nursing Therapeutics
Awareness
Engagement
Change and
difference
Transition time span
Critical points and
events

FIGURE 20-1 ​Middle-Range​Transitions​Theory.​(From Meleis, A. I., Sawyer, L. M., Im, E. O., Hilfinger Messias
D. K., & Schumacher, K. [2000]. Experiencing transitions: An emerging middle range theory. Advances​in​Nursing​
Science,​23[1], 12–28.)

related to Transitions Theory and published them in been frequent sources for theoretical development in
a book entitled Transitions Theory: Middle-Range nursing (Im, 2005). A systematic, extensive literature
and Situation-Specific Theories in Nursing Research review was another source for development of Tran-
and Practice. In, 2011, Im analyzed the literature sitions Theory as suggested by Walker and Avant
related to Transitions Theory and proposed a trajec- (1995, 2005) for compiling existing knowledge about
tory of theoretical development in nursing based on nursing phenomenon. Collaborative efforts among
the theoretical works related to Transitions Theory researchers who used the transition theoretical
in nursing. framework and middle-range Transitions Theory in
their studies were a source for development of Tran-
sitions Theory. Finally, Meleis’ mentoring process
Theoretical Sources could be another source for development of Transi-
Theoretical sources for Transitions Theory are mul- tions Theory. Meleis’ mentoring of Schumacher led
tiple. First, Meleis’ background in nursing, sociology, to an integrated literature review through which the
symbolic interactionism, and role theory and her first Transitions Theory was proposed (Schumacher
educational background led to the development & Meleis, 1994). Also, the most recent version
of Transitions Theory as described earlier in the of Transitions Theory by Meleis Sawyer, Im, Schumacher,
chapter. Indeed, findings and experience from re- and Messias in 2000 could be also considered a prod-
search projects, educational programs, and clinical uct of mentoring students in the ongoing theoretical
practice in hospital and community settings have work.