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448 UNIT IV Nursing Theories

of health, “pattern of the whole,” is formed (Newman, which an individual expresses thoughts and feelings
1986, p. 12). Newman (1999) further elaborated her about the reality of experiences. An individual con-
view of health by stating that “health is the pattern of veys awareness of self through the movement
the whole, and wholeness is” (p. 228). This wholeness involved in language, posture, and body movement
cannot be gained or lost. Becoming ill does not dimin- (Newman, 1979). An indication of the internal orga-
ish wholeness within this perspective, but wholeness nization of a person and of that person’s perception
takes on a different form. Newman (2008) states that of the world can be found in the rhythm and pattern
pattern recognition is the essence of emerging health. of the person’s movement. Movement patterns pro-
“Manifest health, encompassing disease and non- vide additional communication beyond that which
disease, can be regarded as the explication of the un- language can convey (Newman, 1979).
derlying pattern of person-environment” (Newman, The concept of time is seen as a function of move-
1994, p. 11). Therefore, health and evolving pattern of ment (Newman, 1979). This assertion was supported
consciousness are the same; specifically, health is by Newman’s (1972) studies of the experience of time
viewed “as a transformative process to more inclusive as related to movement and gait tempo. Newman’s
consciousness” (Newman, 2008, p. 16). research demonstrated that the slower an individual
walks, the less subjective time is experienced. How-
Theoretical Assertions ever, when compared with clock time, time seems to
“fly.” Although individuals who are moving quickly
Early Designation of Concepts subjectively feel that they are “beating the clock,” they
and Propositions report that time seems to be dragging when checking
Early writings focused heavily on the concepts of a clock (Newman, 1972, 1979).
movement, space, time, and consciousness. In Theory Time is also conceptualized as a measure of con-
Development in Nursing, Newman (1979) delineated sciousness (Newman, 1979). Bentov (1977) measured
the relationships between movement, space, time, and consciousness with a ratio of subjective to objective
consciousness. One proposition was that there was a time and proposed this assertion. Newman applied
complimentary relationship between time and space this measure of consciousness to subjective and objec-
(Newman, 1979, 1983). Examples of this relationship tive data from her research. She found that the con-
were given at the macrocosmic, microcosmic, and sciousness index increased with age. Some of her
humanistic (everyday) levels. At the humanistic level, research has also supported the finding of “increasing
highly mobile individuals live in a world of expanded consciousness with age” (Newman, 1982, p. 293).
space and compartmentalized time. There is an in- Newman cited this evidence as support for her posi-
verse relationship between space and time in that tion that the life process evolves toward consciousness
when a person’s life space is decreased, such as by expansion. However, she asserted that certain moods,
physical or social immobility, then that person’s time such as depression, might be accompanied by a dimin-
is increased (Newman, 1979). ished sense of time (Newman & Gaudiano, 1984).
Movement is a “means whereby space and time
become a reality” (Newman, 1983, p. 165). Human- Synthesis of Patterns of Movement,
kind is in a constant state of motion and is constantly Space-Time, and Consciousness
changing internally (at the cellular level) and exter- As the theory evolved, Newman developed a synthesis
nally (through body movement and interaction with of the pattern of movement, space, time, and con-
the environment). This movement through time and sciousness (M. Newman, personal communication,
space is what gives humankind a unique perception 2004, 2008). Time was not merely conceptualized as
of reality. Movement brings change and enables the subjective or objective, but was also viewed in a holo-
individual to experience the world (Newman, 1979). graphic sense (M. Newman, personal communication,
Movement was also referred to as a “reflection of 2000). According to Newman (1994), “Each moment
consciousness” (Newman, 1983, p. 165). It is the has an explicate order and also enfolds all others,
means of experiencing reality and also the means by meaning that each moment of our lives contains all