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CHAPTER 23 Margaret A. Newman 449

others of all time” (p. 62). Newman (1986) illustrated In Health as Expanding Consciousness (Newman,
the centrality of space-time in the following example: 1986, 1994), Newman’s theory encompassed the work
of Young’s spectrum of consciousness (Young, 1976).
Mrs. V. made repeated attempts to move away She saw Young’s central theme as one in which self
from her husband and to move into an educa- and universe were of the same nature. This essential
tional program to become more independent. She nature could not be defined but was characterized by
felt she had no space for herself, and she tried to complete freedom and unrestricted choice at both the
distance herself (space) from her husband. She beginning and the end of life’s trajectory (Newman,
felt she had no time for leisure (self), was over- 1986).
worked, and was constantly meeting other peo- Newman established a corollary between her
ple’s needs. She was submissive to the demands model of health as expanding consciousness and
and criticism of her husband (p. 56).
Young’s conception of the evolution of human beings
Space, time, and movement later became linked (Figure 23–2). She explained that individuals came
with Newman’s (1986) assertion that the intersection into being from a state of consciousness, and that they
of movement-space-time represented the person as a were bound in time, found their identity in space,
center of consciousness. Further, this varied from and, through movement, learned the “law” of the way
person to person, place to place, and time to time. that things worked; they then made choices that ulti-
Newman (1986) also emphasized that the crucial task mately took them beyond space and time to a state of
of nursing is to be able to see the concepts of move- absolute consciousness (Newman, 1994).
ment-space-time in relation to each other, and con- Newman (1994) also stated that restrictions in
sider them all at once, recognizing patterns of evolving movement-space-time have the effect of forcing an
consciousness. awareness that extends beyond the physical self.

Ground of
CONSCIOUSNESS

(Potential freedom) (Real freedom)

TIME TIMELESSNESS
(Binding) (Unbinding)

SPACE BOUNDARYLESSNESS
(Centering) (Decentering)

MOVEMENT
(Choice)
FIGURE 23-2 Parallel between Newman’s theory of expanding consciousness and Young’s stages
of human evolution. (From Newman, M. A. [1990]. Newman’s theory of health as praxis. Nursing Science
Quarterly, 3[1], 37–41.)