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CHAPTER 23 Margaret A. Newman 451

Communication and collaboration with other nurses, (Jonsdottir, 1998; Noveletsky-Rosenthal, 1996); life
associates, and health care professionals are essential patterns of people with hepatitis C (Thomas, 2002); and
(Newman, 1989). Nurses as primary care providers patterns of expanding consciousness in persons with
who are focused completely on relationships with HIV and AIDS (Lamendola & Newman, 1994).
clients can relate well to her view of the role of profes- Litchfield (1999) described the patterning of nurse-
sional nursing, which Newman (Newman, Lamb, & client relationships in families with frequent illness
Michaels, 1991) refers to as nursing clinician-case and hospitalization of toddlers, and its use in family
manager, which is the sine qua non of the integrative health. Magan, Gibbon, and Mrozek (1990) reported
model. on implementation of the theory, as one of several
Relating her theory of health as expanding con- theories, in the care of the mentally ill. Weingourt
sciousness and acknowledging the contemporary and (1998) reported on the use of Newman’s theory
radical shift in philosophy of nursing that views health of health with elderly nursing home residents, and
as a unitary human field dynamic embedded in a Capasso (2005) reported increased emotional and
larger unitary field, Newman (1979) believes that “the physical client healing as a result of use of the theory
goal of nursing is not to make people well, or to pre- in nurse-client interactions.
vent their getting sick, but to assist people to utilize the Additional research includes studies that involved
power that is within them as they evolve toward recognizing health patterns in persons with multiple
higher levels of consciousness” (p. 67). The task of sclerosis (Gulick & Bugg, 1992; Neill, 2005) and
nursing is not to try to change the pattern of a person, spousal caregivers of partners with dementia (Brown
but to recognize it as information that depicts the & Alligood, 2004; Brown, Chen, Mitchell, et al.,
whole and relate to it as it unfolds (Newman, 1994). 2007; Schmitt, 1991), as well as patterns in adoles-
From the Newman perspective, nursing is the study cent males incarcerated for murder (Pharris, 2002)
of “caring in the human health experience” (Newman, and life experiences of Black Caribbean women
Lamb, & Michaels, 1991, p. 3). The role of the nurse in (Peters-Lewis, 2006). Additional studies have in-
this experience is to help clients recognize their pat- cluded life patterns of women who successfully lose
terns, which results in the illumination of action pos- weight and maintain weight loss (Berry, 2002); vic-
sibilities that open the way for transformation. timizing sexuality and healing patterns (Smith,
The theory has been used in practice with various 1997); meaning of the death of an adult child to an
client populations. Kalb (1990) applied Newman’s the- elder (Weed, 2004); experience of family members
ory of health in the clinical management of pregnant living through the sudden death of a child (Picard,
women hospitalized for complications of maternal-fetal 2002); nurse facilitation of health as expanding con-
health. Smith (1995) worked with the health of rural sciousness in families of children with special health
African-American women. Yamashita (1995, 1999) care needs (Falkenstern, 2003); and health as ex-
studied Japanese and Canadian family caregivers, and panding consciousness to conceptualize adaptation
Rosa (2006) worked with persons living with chronic in burn patients (Casper, 1999).
skin wounds. Several studies have focused on patterns Newman’s research as praxis has also been used to
of persons with rheumatoid arthritis (Brauer, 2001; describe the lived experience of life passing in middle-
Neill, 2002; Schmidt, Brauer, & Peden-McAlpine, 2003). adolescent females (Shanahan, 1993); patterns of
Research studies have focused on patterns of patients expanding consciousness in women in midlife (Picard,
with cancer as a meaningful part of health (Barron, 2000) and women transitioning through menopause
2005; Bruce-Barrett, 1998; Endo, 1998; Endo, Nitta, (Musker, 2005); pattern recognition of high-risk preg-
Inayoshi, et al., 2000; Gross, 1995; Karian, Jankowski, & nant women (Schroeder, 1993) and low-risk pregnant
Beal, 1998; Kiser-Larson, 2002; Moch, 1990; Newman, women (Batty, 1999); and patterns in families of med-
1995c; Roux, Bush, & Dingley, 2001; Utley, 1999). Other ically fragile children (Tommet, 2003). It was the
studies include life patterns of persons with coronary framework for analysis of patterns for evidence of
heart disease (Newman & Moch, 1991); patterns of empowerment in community health care workers by
persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Walls (1999).