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CHAP TER

Cornelia M. Ruland Shirley M. Moore
1954 to present 1948 to present

Peaceful End-of-Life Theory

Patricia A. Higgins and Dana M. Hansen

“Standards of care offer a promising approach for the development of middle-range
prescriptive theories because of their empirical base in clinical practice
and their focus on linkages between interventions and outcomes”
(Ruland & Moore, 1998, p. 169).

Credentials and Background evaluation of information systems to support it. She
of the Theorists focuses on aspects of and tools for shared decision
making in clinically challenging situations: (1) for pa-
Cornelia M. Ruland tients confronted with difficult treatment or screening
Cornelia M. Ruland received her Ph.D. in nursing in decisions for which they need help to understand the
1998 from Case Western Reserve University in potential benefits and harms of alternative options and
Cleveland, Ohio. She is Director of the Center for to elicit their values and preferences, and (2) prefer-
Shared Decision Making and Nursing Research at ence-adjusted management of chronic or serious long-
Rikshospitalet University Hospital in Oslo, Norway, term illness over time. As primary investigator on a
and holds an adjunct faculty appointment in the number of research projects, she has received awards
Department of Biomedical Informatics at Columbia for her work.
University in New York. Ruland has established a
research program on improving shared decision Shirley M. Moore
making and patient-provider partnerships in health Shirley M. Moore is Associate Dean for Research and
care, and the development, implementation, and Professor, School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve

The authors wish to express their appreciation to Cornelia Ruland and Shirley Moore for their contributions to the chapter.

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