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PUNCTU A TION REFERENC E

Contractions

be will would have had
Verbs and not Contraction
I am I will I would I have I had
I is not isn’t
I’m I’ll I’d I’ve I’d
are not aren’t
you are you will you would you have you had
you was not wasn’t
you’re you’ll you’d you’ve you’d
were not weren’t
he is he will he would he has he had
he have not haven’t
he’s he’ll he’d he’s he’d
has not hasn’t
she is she will she would she has she had
she
she’s she’ll she’d she’s she’d had not hadn’t
will not won’t
it is it will it would it has it had
it
it’s it’ll it’d it’s it’d would not wouldn’t
we are we will we would we have we had do not don’t
we
we’re we’ll we’d we’ve we’d does not doesn’t
they are they will they would they have they had did not didn’t
they
they’re they’ll they’d they’ve they’d cannot can’t
that is that will that would that has that had could not couldn’t
that
that’s that’ll that’d that’s that’d should not shouldn’t
who is who will who would who has who had might not mightn’t
who
who’s who’ll who’d who’s who’d must not mustn’t
Auxiliary verbs and have would have should have could have might have must have
Contraction would’ve should’ve could’ve might’ve must’ve

Common punctuation errors
Comma splice Hyphen in a compound modifier
A comma between two clauses creates a “comma splice” Using a hyphen in a compound modifier that includes
if it is used without a conjunction. The comma needs to an adverb ending in -ly is incorrect. These compound
be replaced with either a semicolon or a period, or the text modifiers are never hyphenated.
can be rewritten to use a comma and a conjunction.
cleverly-planned meeting
You cook, I’ll do the dishes.
cleverly planned meeting
You cook, and I’ll do the dishes.
Misuse of your and you’re
Greengrocer’s apostrophe
Confusion between your and you’re can be avoided
An unnecessary apostrophe incorrectly placed before the
plural s is called a “greengrocer’s apostrophe.” by remembering that you’re is a contraction made
up of two separate words: you and are.
carrot’s apple’s It’s in you’re bag. Your mistaken.
carrots apples It’s in your bag. You’re mistaken.