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(tl). Rex Shutterstock: Alex Lentati / Evening   PHOTO LIBRARY (r). 226 Alamy Stock Photo:   Picture Library (cra). NASA: (crb). 254 Alamy
          Standard (c). 195 Alamy Stock Photo: Cultura   Science History Images (c). Getty Images:    Stock Photo: The Granger Collection (c); ZUMA
          Creative (clb); Science photos (tl); Rasoul Ahadi   Paul Popper / Popperfoto (bc). 227 Dorling   Press, Inc. (br). Getty Images: Science & Society
          Borna (bc). Getty Images: Pictorial Parade /   Kindersley: RGB Research Limited (tr). Science   Picture Library (bc). SuperStock: Iberfoto (tl).
          Archive Photos (c). 196 Getty Images: Science   Photo Library: Library Of Congress (clb).   255 Alamy Stock Photo: NG Images (cl).
          & Society Picture Library (r). 197 Alamy Stock   Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.  ESO: (bc). NASA: (tr). 256–257 ESO: ESO /
          Photo: Bamboofox (cra). Getty Images: DAJ (tl);  org/licenses/by/4.0/: (c). 228 Getty Images:   B. Tafreshi (twanight.org). 258 Getty Images:
          Ryan McVay (clb). Samsung Electronics: (br).   Science & Society Picture Library (ca, bl).   Alinari Archives (br); Print Collector (cl);
          198 Alamy Stock Photo: Martin Lee (tr). Getty   228–229 Getty Images: Universal Images    Stocktrek Images (cr). 258–259 Wellcome
          Images: Bert Hardy Advertising Archive (b). 199  Group (b). 229 Depositphotos Inc: Simpson33   Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
          123RF.com: Anurak Ponapatimet (bc). Alamy   (crb). Getty Images: Science & Society Picture   by/4.0/: (c). 259 Depositphotos Inc: Prill (cra).
          Stock Photo: Felix Choo (c). Depositphotos   Library (tl). iStockphoto.com: Annebaek (tr).   260 Alamy Stock Photo: SPUTNIK (crb). ESA:
          Inc: Mrsiraphol (cla). iStockphoto.com: Dbhanu  230 Alamy Stock Photo: Heritage Image   ESA / CNES / ARIANESPACE-Optique Video du
          (cra). 200 Science & Society Picture Library:   Partnership Ltd (clb). Wellcome Images http://  CSG, P. Baudon (bl). Science Photo Library:
          Science Museum (tl). 200–201 Bridgeman   creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/:   Detlev Van Ravenswaay (t). 261 ESA: ESA / ATG
                                                                                  medialab (t). NASA: (clb). 262 Getty Images:
                                              Science Museum, London (ca). 230–231
          Images: Private Collection / © Look and
      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  Society Picture Library (cl, tr). 202 Tony   (c). 231 Getty Images: BSIP (tr); Echo (cr).   US AIR FORCE (clb). 263 DLR (CC-BY 3.0): (b).
                                              Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.
                                                                                  Science & Society Picture Library (cla). Science
          Learn (b). 201 Alamy Stock Photo: Korn
                                              org/licenses/by/4.0/: Science Museum, London
                                                                                  Photo Library: US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (crb);
          Vitthayanukarun (cb). Getty Images: Science &
          Buckingham: (cl). Rex Shutterstock: (crb).
                                                                                  NASA: (tr). Science Photo Library: NASA (cl).
                                              Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.
          TopFoto.co.uk: (tl). 203 Alamy Stock Photo:
                                                                                  264 Getty Images: SSPL (crb). NASA: (cl).
                                              org/licenses/by/4.0/: Science Museum, London
                                              (tl). 232 Alamy Stock Photo: Everett Collection
                                                                                  National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian
          Randy Duchaine (br). Dyson Ltd. 204 Getty
                                              Inc (bl). Getty Images: Denver Post (tl); Science
                                                                                  Institution: (bc). 265 Alamy Stock Photo:
          Images: Science & Society Picture Library (tr).
          Mary Evans Picture Library: (b). 205 Alamy
                                              & Society Picture Library (cr). 233 Alamy Stock
                                                                                  Everett Collection Inc (tl); imageBROKER (b).
          Stock Photo: Julian Ingram (clb); Pillyphotos
                                              Photo: Joe Loncraine (br); Kumar Sriskandan
                                                                                  266–267 ESA. 268 Getty Images: SSPL (cl);
                                                                                  Sovfoto / UIG (bl). Rex Shutterstock: Sovfoto /
                                              (bl). Getty Images: Business Wire (cr).
          (cra). Rex Shutterstock: Gavin Roberts / Future
          Publishing / iPad® is a trademark of Apple Inc.,
                                              org/licenses/by/4.0/: Science Museum, London
          registered in the U.S. and other countries. (br).
                                                                                  Photo: Newscom (2/ca); SpaceX (ca); PJF
                                                                                  Military Collection (cra). NASA: (l). 270 Alamy
          206 Alamy Stock Photo: Lynden Pioneer
                                              (tl). 234 Alamy Stock Photo: Pictorial Press
          Museum (tl); Yakoniva (br). Getty Images:   Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.  Universal Images Group (tr). 269 Alamy Stock
                                              Ltd (clb). Dorling Kindersley: The Science
                                                                                  Stock Photo: RGB Ventures / SuperStock (cr).
          Science & Society Picture Library (c). 207 Alamy  Museum, London (r). Wellcome Images http://  Getty Images: Hulton-Deutsch Collection /
          Stock Photo: Design Pics Inc (br); Granger   creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/:   CORBIS (l). 271 Alamy Stock Photo: NG
          Historical Picture Archive (tc); D. Hurst (cl).   Science Museum, London (tl). 235 Alamy Stock   Images (b). Getty Images: Stephane Corvaja /
          iStockphoto.com: Gratomlin (tr). 208 Alamy   Photo: The Granger Collection (clb). Science   ESA (l). NASA: JPL / Martha Heil (tc). Rex
          Stock Photo: Heritage Image Partnership Ltd   Photo Library: Custom Medical Stock    Shutterstock: Scaled Composites (cr). 272 Getty
          (c); Science History Images (bl). Getty Images:   Photo (tl); Dr. Tony Brain & David Parker (br).   Images: SSPL (cla). National Air and Space
          Yasuhide Fumoto (tr). 209 Alamy Stock Photo:   236 Depositphotos Inc: Monkeybusiness (tr).   Museum, Smithsonian Institution: (r). 273
          Tracey Lane (bl). Dreamstime.com: Bazruh (cb).  Getty Images: Bettmann (b). 237 123RF.com:   Getty Images: Scott Andrews (c). NASA: (clb,
          Getty Images: STR (br). © 2019 The LEGO   Evgeniya Kramar (c); Tyler Olson (br). Alamy   crb). Science Photo Library: Detlev Van
          Group: (t). 210 Alamy Stock Photo: Chris   Stock Photo: Lowefoto (cla). Wellcome Images   Ravenswaay (tl). 274 ESA: ESA / NASA (bc).
          Willson (ca, bc). Getty Images: GamesMaster   http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/:   NASA: (cr). Science Photo Library: SPUTNIK
          Magazine (cr). National Museum of American   Science Museum, London (tr). 238 Alamy Stock   (cl). 275 Getty Images: AFP (bl). NASA: (t).
          History / Smithsonian Institution: (clb). 211   Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (cl).   Science Photo Library: SPUTNIK (br).
          Alamy Stock Photo: B Christopher (cra); Mouse   National Museum of American History /   276 Getty Images: SVF2 (tr). NASA: (bl).
          in the House (tc); Oredia (b). 212 Alamy Stock   Smithsonian Institution: (crb). Science &   Rex Shutterstock: Sovfoto / Universal Images
          Photo: ART Collection (cla). Getty Images: Otto   Society Picture Library: Science Museum (bl).   Group (c). 276–277 NASA: (b). 277 NASA: (ca,
          Herschan (bl); Science & Society Picture Library   239 Alamy Stock Photo: Phanie (cla). Science   tr). 278 NASA: (l, crb, bl). 279 NASA: (tl, cra).
          (cr). 212–213 Mary Evans Picture Library:   Photo Library: Peter Menzel (b). 240–241   Rex Shutterstock: George Frey (b). 280 ESA:
          INTERFOTO / Sammlung Rauch (c). 213 123RF.  Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.  ESA–Pierre Carril (cla). NASA: (br); NASA /
          com: Alexghidan89 (c). Ningbo JT Intelligent   org/licenses/by/4.0/: David Gregory & Debbie   MSFC / David Higginbotham (cb). 281 NASA:
          Sanitary Ware Technology Co., Ltd.: (br). 214   Marshall. 242 Getty Images: Culture Club (bl);   Bill Stafford (c). 282 123RF.com: Valentin
          Alamy Stock Photo: Neil Baylis (cl); John Frost   Science & Society Picture Library (c). Wellcome   Valkov (clb). Alamy Stock Photo: Jurate
          Newspapers (br). Getty Images: Science &   Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/  Buiviene (tr); sportpoint (bc). 282–283 Getty
          Society Picture Library (bl). 215 Alamy Stock   by/4.0/: Wellcome Collection (tl). 243 Reuters:   Images: Shaunl (b). 283 Alamy Stock Photo:
          Photo: XiXinXing (br). Getty Images: Lambert   Khaled Abdullah (br). Science Photo Library:   Björn Wylezich (ca). 284 Alamy Stock Photo:
          (tr); Science & Society Picture Library (bc). Mary   TSGT. DOUGLAS K. LINGEFELT, US AIR FORCE   Granger Historical Picture Archive (c).
          Evans Picture Library: Illustrated London News  (tr); NIBSC (cl). 244 Getty Images: Douglas   NASA: ARC (crb). Science Photo Library:
          Ltd (cl). 216–217 Science Photo Library:    Miller (cla); Science & Society Picture Library   GIPhotoStock (tl). 285 NASA: (cl); JPL-Caltech /
          US PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE. 218   (crb, bc). 244–245 Getty Images: Heritage   University of Arizona (tl); JPL-Caltech / MSSS (r).
          123RF.com: vitalily73 (tr). Dreamstime.com:   Images (c). 245 Alamy Stock Photo: The   286 ESA: (tr). NASA: NSSDCA / COSPAR (c, bc).
          Raja Rc (crb). Getty Images: Topical Press   Granger Collection (cr). 246 Getty Images:   286–287 NASA: JPL-Caltech / SwRI / MSSS /
          Agency (c). Mary Evans Picture Library:   Science & Society Picture Library (tr). Wellcome   Kevin M. Gill (b). 287 Getty Images: ESA (tc).
          Illustrated London News Ltd (clb). 219   Images http://creativecommons.org/licenses/  NASA: Johns Hopkins University Applied
          Bridgeman Images: Peter Newark American   by/4.0/: Wellcome Collection (clb). 246–247   Physics Laboratory / Southwest Research
          Pictures (tr). Dreamstime.com: Ilja Mašík (c).   Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.  Institute (JHUAPL / SwRI) (cr); NASA /
          220 Depositphotos Inc: pp_scout (tr). Getty   org/licenses/by/4.0/: Science Museum, London   JPL (cl). 292 Getty Images: Science & Society
          Images: H. Armstrong Roberts / ClassicStock   (b). 247 Getty Images: Barcin (cl); Science   Picture Library (bc). 293 Getty Images:
          (cb). iStockphoto.com: Kyoshino (crb).    Photo Library - PASIEKA (tl). Science Photo   Chris Hunter (tc). 294 Alamy Stock Photo:
          Science Photo Library: (clb). The Metropolitan  Library: British Dental Association Museum (r).   Granger Historical Picture Archive (bl).
          Museum of Art: Gift of J. Pierpont Morgan,    248 Alamy Stock Photo: Interfoto (cla). Getty   Dreamstime.com: Tamas Bedecs (tc). 295 ESO:
          1917 (c). 221 123RF.com: Ellirra (tl). Alamy   Images: Science & Society Picture Library (cb);   ESO / F. Kamphues (br). 296 Dreamstime.com:
          Stock Photo: Igor Kardasov (cr). Getty Images:   Thomas Trutschel (br). Science Photo Library:   Alexander Kirch / Audioundwerbung (tr).
          POWER AND SYRED / SCIENCE PHOTO     (cra). 249 Alamy Stock Photo: WENN Ltd (bc).   297 Getty Images: Alfred Pasieka / SCIENCE
          LIBRARY (cb). 222–223 Getty Images: Science   Getty Images: Martin Hunter (r). Science Photo  PHOTO LIBRARY (br). 298 Alamy Stock Photo:
          Photo Library - SCIEPRO. 223 Alamy Stock   Library: Hank Morgan (tl). 250–251 NASA:   Mouse in the House (bc). 299 Dreamstime.com:
          Photo: Phanie (cb/eye); Kumar Sriskandan (cb).   NASA / JPL-Caltech. 251 NASA: (ca, ca/ISS).   Anurak Anachai (tl); Mphoto2 (br). 300
          iStockphoto.com: Annebaek (clb). 224 Dorling   Science Photo Library: Babak Tafreshi (cla).   Dorling Kindersley: Ernie Eagle (br).
          Kindersley: Science Museum, London (crb).   252 ESO: ESO / J. Emerson / VISTA. (cra). Getty  301 Depositphotos Inc: Mimadeo (br)
          Getty Images: Petershort (cl); Ariel Skelley (bl).   Images: SSPL (cla). Science & Society Picture
          Wellcome Images http://creativecommons.  Library: Science Museum (ca). 252–253 ESO:   All other images © Dorling Kindersley
          org/licenses/by/4.0/: (tr). 225 Getty Images:   ESO / F. Kamphues (c). 253 Alamy Stock Photo:  For further information see:
          Hero Images (tl); Alfred Pasieka / SCIENCE   Archive PL (tr). Getty Images: Science & Society   www.dkimages.com
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