Page 575 - The City and Guilds Textbook: Plumbing Book 1 for the Level 3 Apprenticeship (9189), Level 2 Technical Certificate (8202) and Level 2 Diploma (6035)

Chapter 9 Sanitation systems

3 High level: similar to the low level but the flush pipe is much longer and the
cistern is at high level. Usually used when designing period bathroom suites.
4 Back to wall/concealed: becoming more popular due to the fact that the
cistern is concealed in a cabinet or behind a panel. The WC pan sits close to
the cabinet or panel.
5 Wall hung: these give the effect of space as the WC pan is hung on the wall
and is completely free of the floor.

p Figure 9.20 A back to wall WC suite p Figure 9.21 A modern wall-mounted
WC pan

In the past, WC pans were manufactured with a variety of ‘P’ trap and ‘S’ trap
configurations formed as part of the pan casting, but this proved expensive.
Today, most WC pans are manufactured with the ‘P’ trap configuration.
However, with the use of an angled WC pan connector, they can be made into
an ‘S’ trap or left or right outlet depending on the installation requirements.

'S' trap WC pan with a 90º 'P' trap WC pan with a straight
bent pan connector pan connector

p Figure 9.22 ‘P’ trap and ‘S’ trap WC suite INDUSTRY TIP

The WC cistern Older WC pans will not flush
Prior to 1986 regulations, the flush volume was 9 litres. This was lowered in with such a low water volume,
so 9- and 7.5-litre cisterns
the Model Water Bylaws of 1986 to 7.5 litres. The WC cistern is the method by are still available for the
which the water is discharged into the WC pan. Today, the Water Supply (Water replacement market.
Fittings) Regulations 1999 restrict the flushing volumes of new WC cisterns to

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