Page 571 - The City and Guilds Textbook: Plumbing Book 1 for the Level 3 Apprenticeship (9189), Level 2 Technical Certificate (8202) and Level 2 Diploma (6035)

Chapter 9 Sanitation systems

● Waste pipes may discharge over a gulley provided that:
l the gulley is capable of accepting discharge from a waste pipe and is not
connected to a rainwater drain
● the waste pipe discharges below the gulley grate but above the water
level in the trap
● appliances connected to the gulley may use a trap with a
38 mm trap seal.

Sanitary appliances
There are two purposes of sanitary appliances: to maintain personal hygiene by
washing, bathing or showering, and the removal of solid and fluid human waste.
In this part of the chapter we will look at the types of sanitary appliances used
in dwellings and their working principles, including:

● materials used for sanitary appliances
● conventional WCs
● washbasins
● bidets
● baths
● shower trays and cubicles
● sinks
● urinals.

Materials used for sanitary appliances
The materials used in the manufacture of sanitary appliances are listed in
Table 9.2. They must be robust, hygienic and easy to clean.

 Table 9.2 Materials used in the manufacture of sanitary appliances
Material Description Appliance
Vitreous china Made to BS 3402:1969 High grade ceramic ware used for WC pans and cisterns
sanitary appliances. Washbasins
Made from white burning clays and finely grained material Bidets
mixed with ball clay, a fluxing agent and water, into casting
clay known as slip. The slip is fired to a high temperature Urinals
and, even in its unglazed state, cannot be contaminated by
bacteria and remains hygienic in all situations.
Glazed vitreous china is stain-proof, burn-proof, rot-proof and
non-fading, and is resistant to acids and alkalis.
Available in many colours and shades.
Stainless steel Made from 304- or 316-grade stainless steel to European WCs and cisterns
Standard EN 10088–2. Washbasins
Usually fitted where the general public has access and highly Kitchen sinks
resistant to vandalism. Urinals
All stainless steel sanitary ware conforms to the Department
of Health specification.
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