Page 540 - Basic Japanese

Alternative de = de =

attari dattari arimashitari deshitari

Here are some examples:

Meaning Polite Impersonal

China is Japan’s Chūgoku wa Nihon no Chūgoku wa Nihon no
neighbor. tonari desu. tonari de aru.

That was an
earthquake. Sore wa Sore wa jishin de

jishin atta.

deshita.

Prices have Nedan wa agatta no

risen. Nedan wa de aru.
agatta n

desu.

iv. Instead of a gerund, an infinitive is often used at the end

of a clause meaning ‘does and, did and’ or ‘is and, was
and.’ This is just a stylistic variant of the use of the
gerund.

Japan is an Asian country, and England is a

European country.
Nihon wa Ajia no kuni de, Igirisu wa Yōroppa no kuni desu.
Nihon wa Ajia no kuni de ari, Igirisu wa Yōroppa no ku ni de

aru.

The older son became a doctor, and the younger a
teacher.

Chōnan wa isha ni natte, jinan wa kyōshi ni narimashita.