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[2]Casey, M. B. ， Nuttall, R.L. ， ＆ Pezaris, E. （ 1997 ） .Mediators of Gender
Differences in Mathematics College Entrance Test Scores ： A Comparison of
Spatial Skills with Internalized Beliefs and Anxieties.Developmental Psychology，
33，pp.669-680.

[3]Duckworth, E.（1996）.“The Having of Wonderful Ideas”and Other Essays on
Teaching and Learning. New York：Teachers College Press.

[4]Ryan, A. M. ， ＆ Patrick, H. （ 2001 ） .The Classroom Social Environment and
Changes in Adolescents'Motivation and Engagement during Middle
School.American Educational Research Journal，38（2），pp.437-460.

[5]Eccles, J. ， Wigfield, A. ， Midgley, C. ， Reuman, D. A. ， MacIver, D. ， ＆
Feldlaufer, H. （ 1993 ） .Negative Effects of Traditional Middle Schools on
Students'Motivation.The Elementary School Journal，93（5），pp.553-574.

[6]Stipek, D.，＆Seal, K.（2001）. Motivated Minds：Raising Children to Love
Learning.New York：Henry Holt.

[7]Frank, M. （ 1988 ） . Problem Solving and Mathematical Beliefs.Arithmetic
Teacher，35，pp.32-34.

[8]Garofalo, J. （ 1989 ） . Beliefs and Their Influence on Mathematical
Performances.Mathematics Teacher，82（7），pp.502-505.

[9]Flannery, S. （ 2002 ） . In Code ： A Mathematical Journey.Chapel Hill, N.C. ：
Algonquin Books.

[10]Ibid.，p. 8.

[11]Ibid.

[12]Kenschaft, P. C.（2006）.Math Power：How to Help Your Child Love Math,
Even If You Don't.New York：Pi Press.p.50.

[13]Boaler, J. ， ＆ Humphreys, C. （ 2005 ） . Connecting Mathematical Ideas ：
Middle School Video Cases to Support Teaching and Learning.Portsmouth, N.H.：
Heinemann.

[14]Kenschaft, P. C.（2006）.Math Power, p.51.

[15]Eccles, J.，＆Jacobs, J. E.（1986）.Social Forces Shape Math Attitudes and
Performance.Signs ： Journal of Women in Culture and Society ， 11 （ 21 ） ，