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Politics of Reform and the Triumph of Pakatan Harapan 85

states, PAS in the east-coast states, and Warisan in Sabah. ese coalitions’ and
parties’ capture of new state governments follows a trajectory of popular-vote
swings after 2008. PAS’s departure from the previous opposition coalition, PR,
did not a ect its fortunes in Kelantan and Terengganu. However, that PH split
the Malay vote in these two states did contribute to a more comprehensive
defeat of UMNO by PAS.

Chart 5.1 Popular votes against BN in Peninsular states, 1995–2018

80 79
77
70 70
66.8 66
63 64 62
60 60.9 61 61
60
56.7 58.7 55.4 58.4 57 60
55 53.6 52.8
50 53.3 53.2 47.8 51
48.4 48.7 45.1 47.6
45.4 44.1 44.8 43.6 44.7 46.1 45.3 43.7
44.2
42.6
43.5
40 42.6 43.8 43.2 40.5 43.4
39 43.4 40.8 40.5 40.2 39.9
35.3 34 36.3 34.7
30 31.5 31.7 32.3
29.7 31.7 27.1 30.1 30.4
28.4 28.8
24.7 24.4
20 20.5 20.4
10 11.7

0 0 0

1995 1999 2004 2008 2013 2018
Perlis 31.5 43.8 36.3 39.9 43.5 61
Kedah 35.3 44.2 40.2 53.2 47.6 70
Kelantan 56.7 60.9 48.7 55 52.8 60
Terengganu 45.4 58.7 43.6 44.7 47.8 60
Penang 39 48.4 43.2 63 66.8 77
Perak 31.7 44.1 40.5 53.3 53.6 66
Pahang 28.4 42.6 32.3 40.5 43.4 57
Selangor 24.7 44.8 34 55.4 58.4 79
Putrajaya 0 0 11.7 24.4 30.4 51
N.Sembilan 29.7 40.8 30.1 45.1 46.1 64
Melaka 31.7 43.4 28.8 42.6 45.3 62
Johor 20.5 27.1 20.4 34.7 43.7 61

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