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128                                                     Ross Tapsell

                  to topple us. We are going to use all the technologies that some of our leaders
                  had failed to leverage on before this. Now they realise how technology can play
                  a role and can also ensure you have a di erent result’ (Kamles 2018). As stated
                  earlier, BN campaigners tend to be reactionary, and by GE15 the game may
                  have changed once again, such that cutting-edge new technologies occupy a
                  completely di erent landscape. For example, many Malaysians may look to
                  make their social media settings more private. Others will realise if they engage
                  in anything on a public social media page, that provides data-analytics  rms
                  with essential material. Once they realise this material is being used to target
                  them, they may be less interactive in these spaces.
                     Pakatan Harapan  nally achieved success in defeating an electoral-
                  authoritarian regime through a peaceful transition in the ballot box. Many of
                  these voters expect a healthier democracy, a more pluralistic society, and a more
                  transparent political process to  ourish as a result. If big data companies and
                  the strategies they promote have the potential to undermine these goals—and
                  this research argues that they do—then Malaysia’s new government will need
                  to think more about how they should be regulated and what broader forces can
                  be introduced in order to counter a more sectarian, polarised society.


                  Note
                  1   In interviews conducted before the CA scandal, every big data campaigner working
                  with BN, and every BN o cial interviewed for this research, on or o  the record, said
                  CA was not involved in GE14.


                  References
                  Azrul Hakimie Anuer. 2018. ‘Cambridge Analytica tiada kaitan dengan kerajaan’.
                     Utusan Malaysia, 21 May. http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/cambridge-
                     analytica-tiada-kaitan-dengan-kerajaan-1.631692.
                  Belfry Monroe, Kaija. 2018. ‘Constituency Campaigning in the Age of Data’. Canadian
                     Journal of Political Science 51 (1): 135–54.
                  Boo Su-Lyn. 2017. ‘How Malaysian politicians use big data to pro le you’. Malay Mail,
                     10 April. https://www.malaymail.com/s/1352911/how-malaysian-politicians-use-
                     big-data-to-pro le-you.
                  Calhoun, Craig. 1992. Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
                  Cam, Deniz. 2017. ‘Trump Campaigns Data Vendor, Cambridge Analytica, Says It Is
                     Moving Away from US Politics’. Forbes, 9 December. https://www.forbes.com/sites/
                     denizcam/2017/12/09/trump-campaigns-data-vendor-cambridge-analytica-says-it-
                     is-moving-away-from-u-s-politics/2/#74f9a9f67eab.









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