Page 750 - Clinical Application of Mechanical Ventilation

716 Glossary

speaking valve: A one-way valve attachment to the tracheostomy tube that allows the user to talk.
spontaneous breathing trial (SBT): An evaluation of a patient’s readiness for weaning from mechanical ventilation and
extubation. Spontaneous breathing may be augmented with a low level (≤8 cm H O) of pressure support, CPAP,
2
or automatic tube compensation (ATC). SBT may last up to 30 minutes.
spontaneous ventilation: Volume of gas inspired by a patient. It is directly related to the patient’s spontaneous tidal
volume and frequency.
START: The Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment algorithm that is based on three parameters: respirations, perfusion,
and mental status (RPM). The pediatric version is known as JumpSTART.
strategic national stockpile: A federal program that stores large quantities of medicine and medical supplies in a
centralized location for the public in case of a health emergency.
stroke volume: Blood volume output delivered by one ventricular contraction.
stylet: A flexible but semirigid wire placed inside an endotracheal tube to provide a desired curvature for oral
intubation.
subglottic secretion drainage: This procedure uses a special endotracheal tube with a separate dorsal lumen for
suctioning of secretions above the ET tube cuff.
surfactant: A natural phospholipid that lowers the surface tension of the lungs. Deficiency of surfactant causes high
surface tension in the lungs and increases the work of breathing.
surfactant replacement: Direct instillation of synthetic surfactant (Surfaxin) or natural surfactant (Survanta, Infasurf)
into the trachea.
sympathomimetic bronchodilators: Adrenergic agonists. Drugs that dilate the airways by stimulating the beta-2 receptors
of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples are epinephrine (Adrenaline) and albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil).

synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV): SIMV is a mode in which the ventilator delivers control
(mandatory) breaths to the patient at or near the time of a spontaneous breath. The mandatory breaths are
synchronized with the patient’s spontaneous breathing efforts to avoid breath stacking.
systemic vascular resistance: Resistance of the arterial system into which the left heart is pumping. Normal range is
5
800–1,500 dynes.sec/cm .
thoracic pump mechanism: Alternations in pulmonary blood flow caused by changes in intrathoracic pressure during
positive pressure ventilation. In hypotensive conditions, positive pressure ventilation decreases the blood flow to the
left heart. In hypertensive conditions, this mechanism enhances the outflow of blood from the right ventricle and
into the left heart.
three-chamber drainage system: A chest tube drainage setup that requires a vacuum source to provide continuous
suction.
tidal volume (V T ): Volume delivered by ventilator during mandatory breaths.
time-triggered: Initiation of a mechanical breath based on the set time interval for one complete respiratory cycle
(inspiratory time and expiratory time).
total cycle time (TCT): Time period from beginning inspiration to the end of expiration (beginning of next inspiration).
total parenteral nutrition (TPN): Complete nutritional support provided to the patient by any method (usually
intravenous) other than the intestinal route.
tracheal gas insufflation (TGI): Use of a small catheter to provide a continuous or phasic gas flow directly into the
trachea during mechanical ventilation.
tracheotomy: A surgical procedure to create an opening into the trachea.
tracheostomy tube: An artificial airway inside the trachea that is inserted through a surgical opening at the trachea.
transairway pressure (P TA ): Flow-resistive pressure, the difference between airway opening pressure (P ) and alveolar
AO
pressure (P ALV ), or P 5 P 2 P ALV .
AO
TA

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