Page 255 - Encyclopedia of Nursing Research

222 n HISTOry OF NUrSING reSeArcH

an opportunity for team members and
researchers not on the team to review the History of nursing researCH
H entire analysis for plausibility, coherence,
and comprehensiveness. In addition, par-
ticipants in the study may be asked to read The first public health policy act was signed
team members’ interpretations to confirm, to on July 16, 1798, by president John Adams.
extend, or to challenge the analysis. Others, A public health service organization, later
not included in the analysis but likely to be named the U.S. public Health Service
readers of this study, may also review the (USpHS), would operate hospitals and rest
written interpretations. This review process homes for sick merchant seamen. The act was
often extends the analysis and exposes any expanded in 1877 as a result of a yellow fever
unsubstantiated and unwarranted interpre- epidemic in New Orleans that required the
tations that are not supported by the texts. passage of the Quarantine Act of 1878.
The purpose of the research report is to pro- In 1879, a national Board of Health was
vide a wide range of explicated text so that established to monitor public health regularly,
the reader can recognize common practices especially in the area of sanitation. A weekly
and shared experience and participate in the report that later became the Public Health
analysis. Reports was published. The board had the
Diekelmann and Diekelmann (2009) authority to intervene in case of an epidemic.
suggest presenting the insights gleaned In the late nineteenth century, robert Koch
from hermeneutic analysis in converging and louis pasteur made important discover-
conversations as a way of keeping themes ies about the nature of infectious diseases that
and patterns “in motion” (p. xvii). A con- explained the transmission of such diseases
verging conversation brings excerpts from and aided in controlling their spread. In this
multiple interviews into conversation with control, government had a significant role.
each other, the literature, and the themes, Although the role of the federal gov-
patterns and questions illuminated by the ernment became significant in 1938 through
analysis. This approach draws the reader grants-in-aid to universities under a research
into the conversation with the phenomenon grants program, it is generally held that
of study (rather than presenting “findings” nursing research began after World War II,
as an implied end point or last word) and although the work of Florence Nightingale
retains the historical/temporal situatedness (1820–1910) introduced the use of statistics in
of understanding. analyzing nursing data. Beginning in 1920,
Hermeneutic phenomenology was intro- the Goldmark study was the first of the land-
duced to nursing more than 25 years ago by mark studies of nursing. research developed
patricia Benner in her studies of expertise into nursing education, time studies, salaries,
in nursing practice (Benner, 1984; Benner, supply and demand, employment condi-
Tanner, & chesla, 1996). Since that time, her- tions, costs, status of nurses, job satisfaction,
meneutics has emerged as a significant area needs, and resources. In 1955, the Nursing
of scholarship in nursing and is being used research Grants and Fellowship program of
in diverse areas such as nursing education the Division of Nursing (USpHS) was estab-
(Diekelmann & Diekelmann, 2009; Ironside, lished; it awarded grants for nursing research
2006), chronic illness (ellett, Appleton, & projects, nursing research fellowships, and
Sloan, 2009; Sloan & pressler, 2009), cancer nurse-scientist graduate training. In 1978, the
care (Alqaissi & Dickerson, 2010), and sexual Division of Manpower Analysis was estab-
violence (ratchneewan et al., 2010). lished within the Division of Nursing in
the Bureau of Health Manpower to conduct
Pamela M. Ironside research on manpower.