Page 499 - ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing
P. 499
476 P R I N C I P L E S A N D P R A C T I C E O F C R I T I C A L C A R E
5. Abou Khaled KJ, Hirsch LJ. Updates in the management of seizures and 35. Curley G, Kavanagh BP, Laffey JG. Hypocapnia and the injured brain: more
status epilepticus in critically ill patients. Neurol Clin 2008; 26(2): harm than benefit. Crit Care Med 2010; 38(5): 1348–59.
385–408. 36. Fletcher JJ, Bergman K, Blostein PA, Kramer AH. Fluid balance, complica-
6. Varelas P, Mirski M. Management of seizures in critically ill patients. Curr tions, and brain tissue oxygen tension monitoring following severe traumatic
Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4(6): 489–96. brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2010; 13(1): 47–56.
7. Veening JG, Barendregt HP. The regulation of brain states by neuroactive 37. Toung TJK, Chang Yi, Lin J, Bhardwaj A. Increases in lung and brain water
substances distributed via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review. Cerebrospinal following experimental stroke: effect of mannitol and hypertonic saline. Crit
Fluid Res 2010; 6(7): 1. Care Med 2005; 33(1): 203–8.
8. Winhammar J, Rowe D, Henderson R, Kiernan M. Assessment of 38. Haglund MM, Hochman DW. Furosemide and mannitol suppression of
disease progression in motor neuron disease. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4(4): epileptic activity in the human brain. J Neurophysiol 2005; 94(2): 907–18.
229–38. 39. Cooper DJ, Myles PS, McDermott FT, Murray L, Laidlaw J et al. Prehospital
9. Hallett M. Plasticity of the human motor cortex and recovery from stroke. hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe
Brain Res Rev 2001; 36(2–3): 169–74. traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291:
10. Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Rev Endocrinol 1350–57.
2009; 5(7): 374–81. 40. Dietrich WD, Bramlett HM. The evidence for hypothermia as a neuroprotec-
11. Tanaka M, Mizuno K, Tajima S, Sasabe T, Watanabe Y. Central nervous tant in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7(1): 43–50.
system fatigue alters autonomic nerve activity. Life Sci 2009; 84(7–8): 41. Liu L, Yenari MA. Clinical application of therapeutic hypothermia in stroke.
235–9. Neurol Res 2009; 31(4): 331–5.
12. Soustiel JF, Larisch S. Mitochondrial damage: a target for new therapeutic 42. Povlishock JT, Wei EP. Posthypothermic rewarming considerations following
horizons. Neurotherapeutics 2010; 7(1): 13–21. traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26(3): 333–40.
13. Back T, Schuler O. The natural course of lesion development in brain isch- 43. Marion DW, Penrod LE, Kelsey SF et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury
emia. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2004; 89: 55–61. with moderate hypothermia. New Engl J Med 1997; 336: 540–46.
14. Offner H, Vandenbark AA, Hurn PD. Effect of experimental stroke on periph- 44. Zhao QJ, Zhang XG, Wang LX. Mild hypothermia therapy reduces blood
eral immunity: CNS ischemia induces profound immunosuppression. glucose and lactate and improves neurologic outcomes in patients with
Neuroscience 2009; 158: 1098–111. severe traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care 2011. In press.
15. Trendelenburg G, Dirnagl U. Neuroprotective role of astrocytes in cerebral 45. Masaoka H. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism during mild hypothermia
ischemia: focus on ischemic preconditioning. Glia 2005; 50(4): 307–20. in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Med Dent Sci 2010; 57(2):
16. Tripathy D, Grammas, P. Acetaminophen inhibits neuronal inflammation 133–8.
and protects neurons from oxidative stress. J Neuroinflammation 2009; 6: 10. 46. Sydenham E, Roberts I, Alderson P. Hypothermia for traumatic head injury.
17. Jun Li, Baoqing Han, Xuesong Ma, Sihua Qi. The effects of propofol on Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 (2): CD001048.
hippocampal caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression following forebrain ischemia– 47. Clifton GL, Drever P, Valadka A, Zygun D, Okonkwo D. Multicenter trial
reperfusion in rats. Brain Research 2010; 1356: 11–23. of early hypothermia in severe brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26(3):
18. Benarroch E. Neuron–astrocyte interactions: partnership for normal func- 393–7.
tion and disease in the central nervous system. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80(10): 48. CRASH trial collaborators. Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised
1326–38. placebo controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head
19. Kahle KT, Simard JM, Staley KJ, Nahed BV, Jones PS, Sun D. Molecular injury-outcomes at 6 months. Lancet 2005; 365(9475): 1957–9.
mechanisms of ischemic cerebral edema: role of electroneutral ion transport. 49. Brain Trauma Foundation. Anesthetics, analgesics, and sedatives. J Neu-
Physiology 2009; 24(4): 257–65. rotrauma 2007; 24(Supp 1): S71–76.
20. Strbian D, Durukan A, Pitkonen M, Marinkovic I, Tatlisumak E et al. The 50. Li LM, Timofeev I, Czosnyka M, Hutchinson PJ. Review article: the surgical
blood–brain barrier is continuously open for several weeks following tran- approach to the management of increased intracranial pressure after trau-
sient focal cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience 2008; 153(1): 175–81. matic brain injury. Anesth Analg 2010; 111(3): 736–48.
21. Owler BK, Pitham T, Wang D. Aquaporins: relevance to cerebrospinal fluid 51. Vibbert M, Mayer SA. Early decompressive hemicraniectomy following
physiology and therapeutic potential in hydrocephalus. Cerebrospinal Fluid malignant ischemic stroke: the crucial role of timing. Curr Neurol Neurosci
Res 2010; 7(15): 7–15. Rep 2010; 10(1): 1–3.
22. Edwards R, Dombrowski S, Luciano M, Pople I. Chronic hydrocephalus in 52. Cooper James D, Rosenfeld JV, Murray L, Arabi YM, Davies AR, D’Urso P,
adults. Brain Pathol 2004; 14(3): 325–36. Kossmann T, Ponsford J, Seppelt I, Reilly P, Wolfe R. Decompressive
23. McLeod A. Traumatic injuries to the head and spine, 2: nursing consider- craniectomy in diffuse traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2011;
ations. Br J Nurs 2004; 13(17): 1041–9. 364(16): 1493–502.
24. Wolfe TJ, Torbey MT. Management of intracranial pressure. Curr Neurol 53. Rinkel GJ, Feigin VL, Algra A, van den Bergh WM, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J.
Neurosci Rep 2009; 9(6): 477–85. Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cochrane
25. Hickey JV, Olson DM, Turner DA. Intracranial pressure waveform analysis Database Syst Rev 2005; (1): CD000277.
during rest and suctioning. Biol Res Nurs. 2009; 11(2): 174–86. 54. Temkin NR, Anderson GD, Winn HR, Ellenbogen RG, Britz GW et al. Mag-
26. Czosnyka M, Pickard J. Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pres- nesium sulfate for neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury: a ran-
sure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2004; 75(6): 813–21. domised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6(1): 29–38.
27. Porth C, Martin G. Essentials of pathophysiology: concepts of altered health states, 55. Van den Bergh W, the MASH Study Group. Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal
3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2011. subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2005;
28. Lavinio A, Rasulo FA, De Peri E, Czosnyka M, Latronico N. The relationship 36(5): 1011–15.
between the intracranial pressure-volume index and cerebral autoregulation. 56. Muench E, Horn P, Bauhuf C, Roth H, Philipps M et al. Effects of hypervol-
Intensive Care Med 2009; 35(3): 546–9. emia and hypertension on regional cerebral blood flow, intracranial pres-
29. Stiefel MF, Udoetuk JD, Spiotta AM, Gracias VH, Goldberg A et al. Conven- sure, and brain tissue oxygenation after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care
tional neurocritical care and cerebral oxygenation after traumatic brain Med 2007; 35(8): 1844–51.
injury. J Neurosurg 2006; 105: 568–75. 57. Eddleman CS, Hurley MC, Naidech AM, Batjer HH, Bendok BR. Endovascu-
30. Rahlwink UK, Figaji AA. Methods of monitoring brain oxygenation. Childs lar options in the treatment of delayed ischemic neurological deficits due to
Nerv Syst 2010; 26(4): 453–64. cerebral vasospasm. Neurosurg Focus 2009; 26(3): E6.
31. Jaeger M, Dengl M, Meixensberger J, Schuhmann MU. Effects of cerebrovas- 58. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). Australian hospital statis-
cular pressure reactivity-guided optimization of cerebral perfusion pressure tics 2008–09. Health Services Series no. 34. AIHW cat. no. HSE 37. Canberra:
on brain tissue oxygenation after traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med 2010; AIHW; 2010.
38(5): 1343–7. 59. Helps Y, Henley G, Harrison JE. Hospital separations due to traumatic brain
32. Brain Trauma Foundation, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, injury, Australia 2004–05. Injury research and statistics series number 45. (Cat
Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Guidelines for management no. INJCAT 116) Adelaide: AIHW; 2008.
of severe head injury. New York: Brain Trauma Foundation; 2007. 60. New Zealand Health Information Service. Selected morbidity data for public
33. Haitsma IK, Maas AIR. Monitoring cerebral oxygenation in traumatic brain funded hospitals 2001/2002. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Health;
injury. Prog Brain Res 2007; 161: 207–16. 2004.
34. Bhatia A, Gupta AK. Neuromonitoring in the intensive care unit. II. Cerebral 61. Fortune N, Wen X. The definition, incidence and prevalence of acquired brain
oxygenation monitoring and microdialysis. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33(8): injury in Australia. AIHW cat. no. DIS 15. Canberra: Australian Institute of
1322–8. Health and Welfare; 1999.

