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Chapter 158  Hematologic Aspects of Parasitic Diseases  2303


            (Ancylostoma  duodenale)  of  blood  each  day. These  infections  are  a   Dhabangi A, Ainomugisha B, Cserti-Gazdewich C, et al: B-type natriuretic
            common contributing factor to iron deficiency anemia in children,   peptide and plasma hemoglobin levels following transfusion of shorter-
            in  whom  infection  is  acquired  by  eating  or  walking  barefoot  on   storage  versus  longer-storage  red  blood  cells:  results  from  the TOTAL
            larva-infected  soil.  The  disease  is  usually  diagnosed  by  finding   randomized trial. Am Heart J 183:129, 2016.
            excreted eggs in stool samples, and treatment is with albendazole.  Drakesmith H, Prentice AM: Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis. Science
                                                                    338:768–772, 2012.
                                                                  Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, et al: Association of trypanolytic ApoL1
            Tapeworm Infection                                      variants with kidney disease in African Americans. Science 329:841, 2010.
                                                                  Gething PW, Casey DC, Weiss DJ, et al: Mapping Plasmodium falciparum
            The fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) is a rare cause of vitamin   mortality in Africa between 1990 and 2015. N Engl J Med 375:2435,
            B 12 deficiency. This tapeworm is transmitted in the Far East by eating   2016.
            raw or partially cooked fish. Infection has to be extensive and causes   Gubernot DM, Lucey CT, Lee KC, et al: Babesia infection through blood
            vitamin B 12 deficiency; however, such cases are rare, even in endemic   transfusions: reports received by the US Food and Drug Administration,
            areas.                                                  1997–2007. Clin Infect Dis 48:25, 2009.
                                                                  Hoffman SL, Vekemans J, Richie TL, et al: The march toward malaria vac-
                                                                    cines. Am J Prev Med 49(6 Suppl 4):S319, 2015.
            Schistosomiasis                                       Jimenez-Marco T, Fisa R, Girona-Llobera E, et al: Transfusion-transmitted
                                                                    leishmaniasis: a practical review. Transfusion 56(Suppl 1):S45, 2016.
            Schistosoma  haematobium  causes  blood  loss  in  urine.  Infection  is   Lalloo DG, Shingadia D, Bell DJ, et al: UK malaria treatment guidelines
            acquired  by  swimming  in  freshwater,  where  cercariae  from  the   2016. J Infect 72:635–649, 2016.
            infected snail host enter the skin and migrate to the blood vessels of   Langhorne J, Duffy PE: Expanding the antimalarial toolkit: targeting host-
            the bladder. Chronic blood loss is a cause of iron deficiency anemia   parasite interactions. J Exp Med 213:143–153, 2016.
            in children in endemic areas, but infection is likely to be diagnosed   Leiby DA: Transfusion-transmitted Babesia spp.: bull’s-eye on Babesia microti.
            at  an  early  stage  in  travelers  because  of  the  striking  symptoms  of   Clin Microbiol Rev 24:14, 2011.
            painless hematuria. Treatment is with praziquantel.   Lindoso JA, Cunha MA, Queiroz IT, et al: Leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection:
                                                                    current challenges. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 8:147–156, 2016.
                                                                  Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, et al: Mortality after fluid bolus in African
            FUTURE DIRECTIONS                                       children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 364:2483, 2011.
                                                                  Marsh K, Forster D, Waruiru C, et al: Indicators of life-threatening malaria
            Parasitic diseases present many problems for global heath. They cause   in African children. N Engl J Med 332:1399, 1995.
            a wide spectrum of hematologic abnormalities, and in endemic areas,   Millar  SB,  Cox-Singh  J:  Human  infections  with  Plasmodium  knowlesi—
            a broad knowledge of the parasitic disease is vital for everyday prac-  zoonotic malaria. Clin Microbiol Infect 21:640, 2015.
            tice.  In  nonendemic  areas,  there  are  a  few  situations  where  the   Moreira CM, Abo-Shehada M, Price RN, et al: A systematic review of sub-
            diagnosis or management of these diseases may fall within the remit   microscopic Plasmodium vivax infection. Malar J 14:360, 2015.
            of  hematologists  and  hematology  laboratories,  particularly  malaria   Morrell CN: Understanding platelets in malaria infection. Curr Opin Hematol
            and the diagnosis of anemia, cytopenias, eosinophilia, and hepato-  21:445–449, 2014.
            splenomegaly. Here, a high index of suspicion is often needed for the   Mungai  M, Tegtmeier  G,  Chamberland  M,  et al: Transfusion-transmitted
            diagnosis to be made. A good travel history is crucial to establishing   malaria  in  the  United  States  from  1963  through  1999.  N  Engl  J  Med
            exposure to parasitic disease and to prompt the search for the appro-  344:1973, 2001.
            priate organisms. Several parasitic diseases pose a threat for the safe   Sahu PK, Satpathi S, Behera PK, et al: athogenesis of cerebral malaria: new
            supply of blood, and the problems of screening of these infections   diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches. Front Cell Infect
            are far from solved. Beyond everyday practice, the pathophysiology   Microbiol 5:75, 2015.
            and prevention of these diseases pose major challenges for biomedical   Satchwell TJ: Erythrocyte invasion receptors for Plasmodium falciparum: new
            research and public health.                             and old. Transfus Med 26:77–88, 2016.
                                                                  Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Paone M, et al: The atlas of human African trypano-
                                                                    somiasis: a contribution to global mapping of neglected tropical diseases.
            SUGGESTED READINGS                                      Int J Health Geogr 9:57, 2010.
                                                                  Soriano-Arandes A, Angheben A, Serre-Delcor N, et al: Control and manage-
            Ashley EA, Recht J, White NJ: Primaquine: the risks and the benefits. Malar   ment  of  congenital  Chagas  disease  in  Europe  and  other  non-endemic
              J 13:418, 2014.                                       countries: current policies and practices. Trop Med Int Health 5:590–596,
            Babokhov P, Sanyaolu AO, Oyibo WA, et al: A current analysis of chemo-  2016.
              therapy strategies for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis.   Steinmann P, Stone CM, Sutherland CS, et al: Contemporary and emerg-
              Pathog Glob Health 5:242, 2013.                       ing  strategies  for  eliminating  human  African  trypanosomiasis  due  to
            Bailey JW, Williams J, Bain BJ, et al: Guideline: the laboratory diagnosis of   Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: review. Trop Med Int Health 6:707–718,
              malaria. Br J Haematol 163:573, 2013.                 2015.
            Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and   Sundar S, Singh A: Recent developments and future prospects in the treat-
              practice of infectious diseases, ed 8, London, 2014, Churchill Livingstone.  ment of visceral leishmaniasis. Ther Adv Infect Dis 3:98–109, 2016.
            Bern C: Antitrypanosomal therapy for chronic Chagas’ disease. N Engl J Med   Vannier E, Krause PJ: Human babesiosis. N Engl J Med 366:2397, 2012.
              364:2527, 2011.                                     Wendel S: Transfusion transmitted Chagas disease: is it really under control?
            Brun R, Blum J, Chappuis F, et al: Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet   Acta Trop 115:28, 2010.
              375:148, 2011.                                      Woodrow  CJ,  White  NJ: The  clinical  impact  of  artemisinin  resistance  in
            Clark MA, Goheen MM, Cerami C: Influence of host iron status on Plasmo-  Southeast Asia and the potential for future spread. FEMS Microbiol Rev
              dium falciparum infection. Front Pharmacol 5:84, 2014.  41:34, 2017.
            Copeland NK, Aronson NE: Leishmaniasis: treatment updates and clinical   World  Health  Organization:  Control  of  the  leishmaniases.  World  Health
              practice guidelines review. Curr Opin Infect Dis 28:426–437, 2015.  Organ Tech Rep Ser 949:1, 2010.
            Coura JR, Borges-Pereira J: Chagas disease: 100 years after its discovery. A
              systemic review. Acta Trop 115:5, 2010.
            Cox FE: History of human parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev 15:595, 2002.  REFERENCES
            Croft SL, Olliaro P: Leishmaniasis chemotherapy—challenges and opportu-
              nities. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1478, 2010.        For the complete list of references, log on to www.expertconsult.com.
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