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966 Part VII: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Mast Cells Chapter 63: Basophils, Mast Cells, and Related Disorders 967

TABLE 63–1. Natural History, Major Mediators, and Surface Membrane Structures of Human Mast Cells and Basophils
Characteristics Basophils Mast Cells
NATURAL HISTORY
Origin of precursor cells Marrow Marrow
Site of maturation Marrow Connective tissue (a few in marrow)
Mature cells in circulation Yes (usually <1% of blood leukocytes) No
Mature cells recruited into tis- Yes (during immunologic, inflammatory No
sues from circulation responses)
Mature cells normally residing No (not detectable by microscopy) Yes
in connective tissues
Proliferative ability of morpho- None reported Yes (limited; under certain circumstances)
logically mature cells
Life span Days (like other granulocytes) Weeks to months (according to studies in rodents)
Major growth factor IL-3 SCF
MEDIATORS
Major mediators stored Histamine, chondroitin sulfates, tryptase,* Histamine, heparin,* chondroitin sulfates,* chymase,*
preformed in cytoplasmic chymase,* carboxypeptidase A,* neutral tryptase,* cathepsin G,* carboxypeptidases, major basic
granules protease with bradykinin-generating activ- protein, acid hydrolases, peroxidase, phospholipases
ity, β-glucuronidase, elastase, cathepsin
G-like enzyme, major basic protein, Charcot-
Leyden crystal protein
Major lipid mediators produced Leukotriene C 4 Leukotriene B , prostaglandin D , leukotriene C ,
4
2
4
on appropriate activation platelet-activating factor
Cytokines released on appropri- IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, GM-CSF, VEGF-A, leptin TNF, TGF-β, IFN-α, VEGF-A–D, IL-6, IL-11, IL-13, IL-16,
ate activation IL-18, GM-CSF, NGF, PDGF (mouse and human mast cells
can secrete many more; see text)
Chemokines IL-8 (CXCL-8), MIP-1α (CCL3), Eotaxin (CCL- IL-8 (CXCL-8), I-309 (CCL-1), MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α
11), MIP-5 (CCL15) (CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL-4), MCP-3 (CCL-7), RANTES (CCL-5),
Eotaxin (CCL-11)
SURFACE STRUCTURES
Ig receptors FcεRI, FcγRIIA, FcγRIIB FcεRI, FcγRI (after IFNγ exposure), FcγRIIA
Cytokine or growth factor IL-1, IL-2 (CD25), IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and SCF (ligand for Kit), IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, and IL-33;
receptors for: IL-33; chemokines (CCR1, -2, -3, -5; CXCR1, chemokines (CCR1, -3, -4, -5, -7; CXCR1, -2, -3, -4, -6);
-2, -4); and interferons; SCF (basophils express thrombopoietin receptor (CD110), GM-CSF, NGF
variable numbers of the SCF receptor, Kit)
TLRs TLR-2, -4 (but lack CD14) TLR-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -9
IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MCP, monocyte chemotactic
protein; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; NGF, nerve growth factor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; RANTES, regulated on activa-
tion, normal T-cell expressed, presumed secreted; SCF, stem cell factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; TLR, toll-like
receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
*Basophil and mast cell content of these (and perhaps other) mediators vary, for example, in different subjects and tissues; and/or in association
with certain inflammatory diseases. 15
NOTE: Expression of these and other surface structures, including chemokine receptors, and production of individual cytokines and chemok-
ines, can vary in different in vitro or in vivo derived basophil or mast cell populations.
Data Modified from Galli SJ, Dvorak AM, Dvorak HF: Basophils and mast cells: morphologic insights into their biology, secretory patterns, and
function. Prog Allergy 34:1–141, 1984 and Valent P: Immunophenotypic characterization of human basophils and mast cells. Chem Immunol
61:34–48, 1995.

some variation in phenotypic characteristics also, such as immunore- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BASOPHILS
15
activity for tryptase, chymase, and carboxypeptidase A, or levels of AND MAST CELLS
expression of surface structures, including human leukocyte antigen
5,31
(HLA)-DR, CD32 (FcγRII), and receptors for cytokines. Such vari- Mature basophils and mast cells differ in morphology, natural his-
ation in basophil mediator content and/or cell surface phenotype may tory, tissue distribution, mediator production, cell-surface phenotype,
reflect individual differences among different subjects and/or the effects growth factor requirements, and responses to drugs (see Fig. 63–1 and
1–5
15
of disease processes or the consequences of immunotherapy. 31 Table 63–1). Nevertheless, certain similarities of the two cells, taken

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