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ChaPTEr 29  Host Defenses to Fungal Pathogens                423


           characterized by high serum IgE, eczema, and CMC. HIES is   REFERENCES
           caused by mutations in multiple genes, including STAT3, Tyk2,
                     41
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                                                                  16.  Nosanchuk JD, Stark RE, Casadevall A. Fungal Melanin: What do We
           To date, more than 5 million distinct species of fungi have been   Know About Structure? Front Microbiol 2015;6:1463.
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           do not cause disease. Normally, the immune system is able to   19.  Bourgeois C, Kuchler K. Fungal pathogens-a sweet and sour treat for
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           tropenia) or signaling through TLRs and CLRs have an increased   macrophage antifungal effector function during innate recognition of
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           Please check your eBook at https://expertconsult.inkling.com/   24.  Gringhuis SI, den Dunnen J, Litjens M, et al. Dectin-1 directs T helper
           for self-assessment questions. See inside cover for registration   cell differentiation by controlling noncanonical NF-κB activation through
           details.                                                 Raf-1 and Syk. Nat Immunol 2009;10(2):203–13.
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