Page 748 - Clinical Immunology_ Principles and Practice ( PDFDrive )
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720          Part SIX  Systemic Immune Diseases


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        rituximab  alone, or  rituximab  plus  cyclophosphamide.  All   Please check your eBook at https://expertconsult.inkling.com/
        groups received a 17-day course of steroids, which may facilitate   for self-assessment questions. See inside cover for registration
        B-cell depletion. Up to 43% of patients receiving the combination   details.
        of rituximab and methotrexate achieved 50% improvement in
        clinical and laboratory parameters after 24 weeks (ACR50), and   REFERENCES
        this was at least as good as the rituximab/cyclophosphamide
        combination (41% achieving ACR50) and superior to methotrex-  1.  Snorrason E. Landre-Beauvais and his goutte asthénique primitive. Acta
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        keting surveillance has documented progressive multifocal   Oxford University Press; 1993.
        leukoencephalopathy in a small number of patients.      4.  Frisell T, Saevarsdottir S, Askling J. Family history of rheumatoid
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        indicate that the B-cell depletion, which may depend on FCGR3   2016;12:335.
        genetic variants, is profound (<2%), with no major differences   5.  van der Woude D, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Toes RE, et al. Quantitative
        in infection rates between groups with the possible exception   heritability of anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive and
        of lower respiratory tract infections. Repopulation occurs at a   anti-citrullinated protein antibody-negative rheumatoid arthritis.
                                                                  Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:916.
                                                          +
        mean of 8 months after treatment, comprises immature IgD    6.  Schönland SO, Lopez C, Widmann T, et al. Premature telomeric loss
             +
                  −
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        CD38 CD27 CD5  B cells, and is associated with increased serum   in rheumatoid arthritis is genetically determined and involves both
        B cell–activating factor (BAFF) levels. Early relapse is associated   myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
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        with reconstitution of CD27  memory B cells. The effects on   2003;100(23):13471–6.
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        B-cell depletion. Selective and rapid decreases in pathogenic IgM,   8.  Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, et al. A retrospective cohort study of
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        have been documented; these changes are more striking in   professionals. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:910.
        rituximab responders. Antibody titers to tetanus toxoid or to   9.  Scott IC, Seegobin SD, Steer S, et al. Predicting the risk of rheumatoid
        pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were only modestly   arthritis and its age of onset through modelling genetic risk variants with
                                                                  smoking. PLoS Genet 2013;9:e1003808.
        affected (~25%). These changes are intriguing given that termi-  10.  Padyukov L, Silva C, Stolt P, et al. A gene-environment interaction
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        be resistant to anti-CD20. B-cell depletion is surprisingly well   11.  Lundberg K, Wegner N, Yucel-Lindberg T, et al. Periodontitis in RA—the
        tolerated; however, in contrast to other biological agents, it may   citrullinated enolase connection. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010;6:727.
        induce long-lasting immunocompromise.                  12.  Wu HJ, Ivanov II, Darce J, et al. Gut-residing segmented filamentous
                                                                  bacteria drive autoimmune arthritis via T helper 17 cells. Immunity
        Future Prospects for Therapy                              2010;32:815.
                                                               13.  Zhang X, Zhang D, Jia H, et al. The oral and gut microbiomes are
        There remain unmet needs in the treatment of RA. Principal
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                                                                  Nat Med 2015;21:895.
        has been considered lifelong for the majority of patients, imposing   14.  Gregersen PK, Silver J, Winchester RJ. The shared epitope hypothesis. An
        greater risk of toxicity and, as the immune system senesces,   approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to
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        best outcomes. Indeed, several synthetic and biological DMARDs   proteins explain most of the association between MHC and seropositive
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        disease.  A better appreciation of the profile of RA-specific   rheumatoid arthritis severity, mortality, and treatment response. JAMA
        autoantigens has prompted early- phase studies to establish the   2015;313:1645.
        safety and tolerability of peptide immunotherapy delivered by   17.  Huizinga TW, Amos CI, van der Helm-van Mil AH, et al. Refining the
                                                                  complex rheumatoid arthritis phenotype based on specificity of the
        autologous DCs. From an immunological perspective, there   HLA-DRB1 shared epitope for antibodies to citrullinated proteins.
        remains a pressing need to develop immunological tools or   Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3433.
        immune biomarkers that can redefine disease subsets and measure   18.  Scally SW, Petersen J, Law SC, et al. A molecular basis for the association
        effector and regulatory cell subsets. This must be achieved with   of the HLA-DRB1 locus, citrullination and rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp
        technology that is readily accessible to routine clinical laboratories   Med 2013;210:2569.
        and that uses methods that will inform disease activity states at   19.  Eyre S, Bowes J, Diogo D, et al. High-density genetic mapping identifies
        a biological level. While such tools may provide better insights   new susceptibility loci for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2012;44:1336.
        into disease pathogenesis, they can also be adapted to monitor   20.  Burn GL, Svensson L, Sanchez-Blanco C, et al. Why is PTPN22 a good
        the impact of therapeutic intervention, whether this turns out   candidate susceptibility gene for autoimmune disease? FEBS Lett
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        to be cell-based therapy or the application of novel immune   21.  Rawlings DJ, Dai X, Buckner JH. J Immunol 2015;194(7):2977–84.
        modulators. It is possible that similar approaches to developing   doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1403034. Review. PMID: 25795788.
        immune signatures could be used in the future to identify those   22.  Manzo A, Bombardieri M, Humby F, et al. Secondary and ectopic lymphoid
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        ACPAs  arthralgia patients who have a genetic predisposition to   tissue responses in rheumatoid arthritis: from inflammation to
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