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27. How many degrees of arc above the horizon is a star 36. Microwave radiation from space, measurements of the expansion
located halfway between directly over your head and the of the universe, the age of the oldest stars in the Milky Way
horizon? galaxy, and ratios of radioactive decay products all indicate that
a. 45° the universe is about how old?
b. 90° a. 6,000 years
c. 135° b. 4.5 billion years
d. 180° c. 13.7 billion years
28. In which part of a newborn star does the nuclear fusion take d. 100,000 billion years
place? 37. Whether the universe will continue to expand or will collapse
a. Convection zone back into another big bang seems to depend on what property
b. Radiation zone of the universe?
c. Core a. The density of matter in the universe
d. All of the above are correct. b. The age of galaxies compared to the age of their stars
29. Which of the following stars would have the longer life spans? c. The availability of gases and dust between the galaxies
a. The less massive d. The number of black holes
b. Between the more massive and the less massive 38. Distance in outer space is measured in terms of
c. The more massive a. kilometers.
d. All have the same life span. b. megameters.
30. A bright blue star on the main sequence is probably c. light-years.
a. very massive. d. miles.
b. less massive. 39. You are studying physical science in Tennessee. Where are you
c. between the more massive and the less massive. located with respect to the celestial equator?
d. None of the above is correct. a. North of the celestial equator
31. The brightest of the stars listed are the b. South of the celestial equator
a. first magnitude. c. On the celestial equator
b. second magnitude. d. East of the celestial equator
c. fifth magnitude. 40. The Crab Nebula is what remains of a
d. sixth magnitude. a. pulsar.
32. The basic property of a main sequence star that determines b. supernova.
most of its other properties, including its location on the H-R c. black hole.
diagram, is d. constellation.
a. brightness. 41. The interior of an average star is proposed to contain all of the
b. color. following except a
c. temperature. a. conduction zone.
d. mass. b. core.
33. All of the elements that are more massive than the element iron c. radiation zone.
were formed in a d. convection zone.
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a. nova. 42. Approximately 1.4 × 10 kg of matter is converted to energy
b. white dwarf. each year by the Sun. How much matter is converted to energy in
c. supernova. 20 years?
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d. black hole. a. 4.2 × 10 kg
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34. If the core remaining after a supernova has a mass between 1.5 b. 1.3 × 10 kg
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and 3 solar masses, it collapses to form a c. 2.8 × 10 kg
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a. white dwarf. d. 2.8 × 10 kg
b. neutron star. 43. Red giant stars are
c. red giant. a. bright, low-temperature giants.
d. black hole. b. dim, low-temperature giants.
35. The relationship between the different shapes of galaxies c. bright, high-temperature giants.
is that d. dim, high-temperature giants.
a. spherical galaxies form first, which flatten out to elliptical 44. Stars that are faint, very dense, white hot, and close to the end of
galaxies, then spin off spirals until they break up in irregular their lifetime are
shapes. a. red giant stars.
b. irregular shapes form first, which collapse to spiral galaxies, b. novas.
then condense to spherical shapes. c. white dwarf stars.
c. there is no relationship as the different shapes probably d. Cepheid variable stars.
resulted from different rates of swirling gas clouds. 45. Which of the following elements forms in a supernova explosion
d. None of the above is correct. of a dying star?
a. Hydrogen
b. Carbon
c. Nitrogen
d. Nickel
372 CHAPTER 14 The Universe 14-22