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47. The density of the atmosphere 14. Explain why frost is more likely to form on a clear, calm, and
a. increases with increasing altitude. cool night than on nights with other conditions.
b. decreases with increasing altitude.
c. remains the same, regardless of altitude.
d. decreases with decreasing altitude. FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS
48. Condensation nuclei provide a surface for fog or cloud formation.
These particles include 1. Describe how you could use a garden hose and a bucket of water
a. salt crystals. to make a barometer. How high a column of water would
b. soot. standard atmospheric pressure balance in a water barometer?
c. dust. 2. If heated air rises, why is there snow on top of a mountain and
d. All of the above are correct. not at the bottom?
Answers 3. According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
1. c 2. d 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. a 9. d 10. b 11. b 12. c 13. b 14. b Administration, the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 has been
15. b 16. a 17. d 18. c 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. c 24. a 25. b 26. d increasing, global surface temperatures have increased 0.2 to
27. b 28. d 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. d 33. d 34. b 35. c 36. b 37. b 38. a 0.3°C (0.4°F) over the past 25 years, and sea level has been rising
39. c 40. b 41. a 42. d 43. c 44. b 45. b 46. d 47. b 48. d 1 to 2 mm/yr since the late nineteenth century. Describe what
evidence you would look for to confirm that these increases are
due to human activity rather than to changes in the Sun’s output
QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT or energy, or changes in Earth’s orbit.
4. Evaluate the requirement that differential heating must take
1. What is the hydrologic cycle? Why is it important? place before wind will blow. Do any winds exist without
differential heating?
2. What is the meaning of “normal” atmospheric pressure?
5. Given the current air temperature and relative humidity, explain
3. Explain the greenhouse effect. Is a greenhouse a good analogy
for Earth’s atmosphere? Explain. how you could use the graph in Figure 22.15 to find the dew
point temperature.
4. What is a temperature inversion? Why does it increase air pollution?
5. Describe how the ozone layer protects living things on Earth’s
surface. Why is there some concern about this ozone layer? INVITATION TO INQUIRY
6. What is wind? What is the energy source for wind? Explain.
7. Explain the relationship between air temperature and air density. What Is Your Angle?
8. Why does heated air rise? A radiometer is a device that can be used to measure radiant energy.
9. Provide an explanation for the observation that an airplane flying It has four vanes that spin in a partial vacuum, and the rate of spin-
at the top of the troposphere takes several hours longer to fly from ning is related to the amount of radiant energy received. Point a flash-
the east coast to the west coast than it does to make the return trip. light beam so it shines directly on the vanes. Move far enough away
10. If evaporation cools the surroundings, does condensation warm so you can count the revolutions per minute. Investigate the relation-
the surroundings? Explain. ship between the angle of radiation received and the amount of energy
11. Explain why a cooler temperature can result in a higher relative received as shown by the revolutions per minute. Vary the angle so it is
humidity when no water vapor was added to the air. 0° (straight in), 30°, 60°, and 90° (straight down). What is the relation-
12. What is the meaning of the expression, “It’s not the heat, it’s the ship between the angle and energy received? How many examples can
humidity”? you find that involve this relationship between the angle of sunlight
13. What is the meaning of the dew point temperature? received and the amount of radiant energy received?

PARALLEL EXERCISES
For additional Parallel Exercises on this material, see the chapter 22 resources on www.mhhe.com/tillery.
The exercises in groups A and B cover the same concepts. Solutions to group A exercises are located in appendix E.
Group A Group B
1. On the scale of a beach ball, how thick, in cm, is a layer that 1. On the scale of a basketball, how thick, in cm, is a layer that
represents 50 percent of the mass of Earth’s atmosphere? (The represents 99 percent of the mass of Earth’s atmosphere? (The
diameter of the beach ball is 91.5 cm.) diameter of a basketball is 23.9 cm.)
2. If a 1 mm thick piece of plastic sheeting is being placed around a 2. If a piece of plastic food wrap is being placed around a ball to
ball to represent 99 percent of the mass of Earth’s atmosphere, represent 90 percent of the mass of Earth’s atmosphere, what is
what is the diameter of the ball needed to model Earth? the diameter of the ball needed to model Earth? (The plastic
food wrap is 1.27 × 10 −3 cm thick.)

22-23 CHAPTER 22 The Atmosphere of Earth 563