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Figure 2. Internet of Things schematic showing the end users and application areas based on
data. (Source: Gubbi et al., 2013)

To understand further, this IoT consist of several elements, according to Gubbi et al (2013) the
major elements are Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN),
addressing schemes, data storage and analytics, and lastly is visualization.

1 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Now days, sensor is part of device connectivity layers and useful in continuously
collecting data from environment. Latest technology in semiconductor is producing
micro smart sensor, microchips for wireless data communication. According to Jia et
al. (2012), RFID is an automatic technology to identify objects, collect metadata or
control individual target through radio waves. When connecting this sensor device to
the terminal of internet, the identification, tracking and monitoring process happen
globally, automatically and real time thus made this technology prerequisite for IoT.

2 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)
A sensor node or also known as mote consists of microcontroller, memory, analog
sensor, RFID as communication and battery that function essentially as small
computer with extreme basic functionality. Meanwhile, WSN is self-configuring
network of small sensor nodes communicating among them (interconnected)
wirelessly to collect data about surrounding environment. A WSN is mainly consist
of sensing nodes, gateways (base station or router), a coordinator and a PC server.
Reported by Colina et al. (2016), technical characteristic of this network is each node
itself consider as multi-hop, which means nodes can be use as relays. Next is self-
organizing which the capability to organize spontaneously in a network make nodes
easy to deploy, expand and maintain. Lastly WSNs can be set up at remote location
because of the low-power capabilities and allow for long-lasting deployments.