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used to move around the forest in search of food. There were no societal relations
like family, marriage, relatives, etc. They used simple tools and weapons of stone for
hunting wild animals and collecting roots and food. In this society human was only
the consumer, not the producer. There were no division of labour. However, female
used to look after their children and collect nuts, roots and fruits and males went for
hunting wild animals. The life of human was insecure and difficult. Small children
used to live together with their mother. So they felt secure in a group when males
felt the importance to live in group then they also joined the group and started living
together. In this way in a family about 50 members started living together.
The Rautes and the Kusundas are still practising nomadic life in Nepal. They practise
slash and burn cultivation, which is also known as shifting cultivation. Even the
aborigines in Australia, Malaysia, South Africa, India are having such societies.
2. Pastoral Society
People in such society started rearing cattle to get meat easily whenever
required. People started depending upon domestic animals to meet their needs. When
the human needs could not be fulfilled through hunting and gathering, this type of a
society was formed. Humans in this society also lived a nomadic life moving with their
herds from one pasture land to another. In such societies mainly cattle and goats were
common. The groups were created on the bases of a society having more cattle and
having less cattle. Human settlement became periodical rather than the complete
nomadic life of human became little easier than before. This type of society still can
find in Nepal, Africa, Tibet and Middle East.
3. Horticultural Society

Cultivation of fruits and vegetables are called horticulture. In this society
various kind of fruits and vegetables became staple food. Humans learn to practice
Slash and burn method to increase the production. Their nomadic life turned into the
fixed settlement. This society was the initial stage of agricultural stage. Such society
can be found in Kenya and New Guinea. Some societies in Nepal are earning their
livelihood from horticulture.
4. Agrarian Society

People learnt to cultivate in such society. The livelihood of humans depend
on agriculture. According to Karl Marx, the society was divided into two classes:
Feudal and Peasant. Feudal were the landlords who owned large area of land
and Peasants were the farmers, who worked in field to produce crops Agricultural
society also developed the concept of trade. To fulfill the basic requirement people
started exchanging crops known as barter system. The system started along with the
production of sufficient crops. It is believed that the agrarian society was started from
Egypt. Nepal is an agricultural country. According to the census 2011 AD still 67% of
total population is engaged in agriculture.
5. Industrial Society

In such society, occupation of human beings got changed. The livelihood depended
on industry and industrial product. The society running its people’s livelihood from
industries, industrial products for trade and business is called Industrial Society.
In this society the industrialist is called the capitalist and the people working in
Dynamic Social Studies - Book IX 12