Page 103 - Health, Population and Environment Education 10

events in the 6 five years plan (1980-1985 A.D.) The basic needs include the following
th
needs.
- Foods - Health services
- Clothes - Clean drinking water
- Shelter - Sanitation
- Education - Security
- Sexual counseling - Entertainment

Without fulfilling these needs, quality of life cannot be gained.

b. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)

Physical quality of life index refers to the measurement of different physical facilities
like health services, education, transportation, communication, etc. available in a country.
According to this index, quality of life is measured on the basis of services and facilities
provided by the nation to its citizens. It was developed by UK Overseas Development
Council in 1979 A.D. Under this, the numerical value is driven from the following sub-
indicators:
- Under 5 child mortality rate
- Literacy rate
- Life expectancy at birth

According to this index, those countries that score high marks are considered as the
countries with high quality of life and the countries with low marks are ranked as the
countries with low quality of life. In this system, marks are given between 0-100. This
indicator is now replaced by Human Development Index (HDI).
c. Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Development Index refers to the measurement of quality of life on the basis of
life expectancy at birth, literacy rate and per capita income. It was developed by D.R.
Morris in 1979 AD and introduced by the economists Mahbul UL Haq and Amartya Sen.
It is used to rank the countries by the level of human development which usually implies
whether a country is developed, developing or under developed.
Taking the base of Human Development Index (HDI), UNDP has been publishing the
Human Development Report since 1990 AD.
HDI of Nepal in different years

Year Rank Value
2004 140 0.504
2006 138 0.527
2012 157 0.463
2014 145 0.548
2016 145 0.540
Source: Human Development Report 2016 UNDP
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