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assets and figure in balance sheet instead of profit and loss account. Machinery
and equipment, furniture, building, vehicle, etc. are the example of durable
materials. They are also termed as fixed assets.
ii. Non-durable materials: Materials which are consumed in office within one
year are known as non-durable materials. These materials are purchased and
used by the organization frequently following less formal purchase procedure.
These are considered as expenses and figure in debit side of Profit and Loss
Account. They are treated as expenses to the organization. Writing papers,
carbons papers, photocopy papers, pads, inks, pencils, gum, staplers, file
covers, stamps, clippers, etc. are some examples of non-durable office materials.
4. Finance or source of income
Every organization needs money for its regular operation of the activities. The first
source of money in the organization is sum of the assets invested which is known as
capital. But it is not possible for the organization to use or invest capital whenever
money is needed. A regular source of income should be identified to give life
to the organization. The source of income is necessary for each and every type of
organization to meet operating as well as capital nature expenditure. Finance is the
source of income which is necessary to pay salary, house rent, water and electricity bill,
stationery, communication charge, wages, purchase of materials and other necessities
in the organization. The main sources of income for manufacturing and trading
organizations are sales of the products, and for service rendering organizations are
fees/ amount charged from the customers. Besides these, capital, profit earned, loans,
interest from investments are also sources of business offices. Similarly source of
income of government office are tax revenues, non-tax revenues, donations, budget
from head offices,m etc. Thus sources of income may differ as per the nature of the
office. Proper arrangement of finance helps to face any obstacle in future.

5. Transportation

In general terms, transportation means to carry people or goods from one place to
another place. Transportation of goods is necessary because all goods are not used
in place of production. The goods produced in one country or one place has to be
carried to different countries or different places. Transport is very important means to
expand market and seek new opportunities of new markets. Due to transport facility
there is mass production of goods, timely delivery, customer satisfaction, large
number of transaction, etc. It also helps in distribution of goods in right place in right
time. Distribution increases time utility of goods. It minimizes price fluctuation, and
provides better services to the customer at lower prices.
6. Means of transportation

There are different ways and means of transportation. They are:
i. Road transport: The movement of things and people from one place to another
via roads is called road transport. Road transport is the most common and oldest

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