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CHAPTER 7 Jean Watson 87

(Pipe, Connolly, Spahr, et al., 2012), living on a ven- Kentucky, are meeting these challenges by using
tilator (Lindahl, 2011), and simulating care (Diener Watson’s Theory of Human Caring for administra-
& Hobbs, 2012). Watson and Foster (2003) de- tive change. Others call for sustaining a professional
scribed an exemplary application of theory to prac- environment based on the definition of patient care
tice; the Attending Nurse Caring Model (ANCM) is essentials (Pipe, Connolly, Spahr, et al., 2012). This
a unique pilot project in a Denver children’s hospital and other examples of caring administrative practices
that is modeled after the “Attending” Physician are described at her website and in her recent article,
Model. However, unlike a medical/cure model, the “Caring Theory as an Ethical Guide to Administrative
ANCM is concerned with the nursing care model. and Clinical Practices” (Watson, 2006c).
“It is constructed as a Nursing-Caring Science, the-
ory-guided, evidence based, collaborative practice Education
model for applying it to the conduct and oversight of Watson’s writings focus on educating graduate nursing
pain management on a 37-bed, post surgical unit” students and providing them with ontological, ethical,
(Watson & Foster, 2003, p. 363). Nurses who partici- and epistemological bases for their practice, along
pate in the project learn about Watson’s caring with research directions (Hills & Watson, 2011).
theory, carative factors, caring consciousness, in- Watson’s caring framework has been taught in numer-
tentionality, and caring-healing practices. The mis- ous baccalaureate nursing curricula, including Bellar-
sion of the ANCM is to have a continuous caring mine College in Louisville, Kentucky; Assumption
relationship with children in pain and their fami- College in Worcester, Massachusetts; Indiana State
lies. The ANCM is made visible in a caring-healing University in Terre Haute; Oklahoma City Univer-
presence throughout the hospital. (See Watson’s sity; and Florida Atlantic University. In addition, the
website [http://www.watsoncaringscience.org] for concepts are used in nursing programs in Australia,
examples of her theory in practice and further Japan, Brazil, Finland, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, and the
information about the many clinical agencies that United Kingdom, to name a few.
use Watson’s work, such as Miami Baptist Hospital,
Resurrection Health System [Chicago], Denver Research
Veterans Administration Hospital and Children’s Qualitative, naturalistic, and phenomenological meth-
Hospital [Denver], Inova Health System [Virginia], ods are relevant to the study of caring and to the devel-
Baptist Central Hospital [Kentucky], Elmhurst Hos- opment of nursing as a human science (Nelson &
pital [New York], Pascak Valley Hospital [New Jersey], Watson, 2011; Watson, 2012). Watson suggests that a
Sarasota Memorial Hospital and Tampa Memorial combination of qualitative-quantitative inquiry may
Hospital [Florida], and Scripps Memorial Hospital be useful. There is a growing body of national and in-
[California], among others.) ternational research that tests, expands, and evaluates
the theory (DiNapoli, Nelson, Turkel, & Watson, 2010;
Administration/Leadership Nelson & Watson, 2011). Smith (2004) published a
Watson’s theory calls for administrative practices and review of 40 research studies that specifically used
business models to embrace caring (Watson, 2006c), Watson’s theory. Persky, Nelson, Watson, and Bent’s
even in a health care environment of increased acuity (2008) study used a quantitative approach to deter-
levels of hospitalized individuals, short hospital stays, mine the attributes of a “Caritas nurse” as part of an
increasing complexity of technology, and rising ex- effort to initiate Relationship-Based Care (RBC) at
pectations in the “task” of nursing. These challenges New York Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University
call for solutions that address health care system Medical Center. More recently, Nelson and Watson
reform at a deep and ethical level, and that enable (2011) report on studies carried out in seven coun-
nurses to follow their own professional practice model tries. Nelson and Watson (2011) present eight caring
rather than short-term solutions, such as increasing surveys and other research tools for caritas research,
numbers of beds, sign-on bonuses, and/or relocation such as differences among international perceptions of
incentives for nurses. Many hospitals seeking Magnet caring, nurse and patient relationships, and guidelines
status, such as Central Baptist Hospital in Lexington, for hospitals seeking Magnet status.