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CHAPTER 22 Madeleine M. Leininger 419

Professor of Anthropology, and Director of Transcul- active in consulting, writing, and lecturing. Her goal is
tural Nursing Offerings until her semi-retirement in to establish transcultural nursing institutes to educate
1995. She directed the Center for Health Research and facilitate research on transcultural nursing and
there for 5 years. While at Wayne State University, she health phenomena.
developed courses and seminars in transcultural Leininger has written or edited more than 30 books
nursing, caring, and qualitative research methods for listed in the bibliography of this chapter along with
baccalaureate, master’s, doctoral, and postdoctoral more than 200 articles and 45 book chapters. She has
nursing students and for non-nursing students. been featured in numerous films, videos, DVDs, and
Dr. Leininger taught and mentored students and research reports focused on transcultural nursing,
nurses in field research in transcultural nursing. One human care and health phenomena, the future of nurs-
of the first nurse leaders to use qualitative research ing, and topics relevant in nursing and anthropology.
methods in the 1960s, she taught these methods at She served on eight editorial boards and refereed
various universities in the United States and world- publications, and is involved with the Transcultural
wide. Leininger studied 14 cultures and continues to Nursing Scholars Group and her website (www.made-
consult for research projects and institutions that are leine-leininger.com). She is one of the most creative,
using her Culture Care Theory. productive, innovative, and futuristic authors in nurs-
Leininger’s academic vitae includes nearly 600 con- ing, providing new and substantive research-based
ferences, keynote addresses, workshops, and services transcultural nursing content to advance nursing as a
as a consultant in the United States, Canada, Europe, discipline and a profession.
Pacific Island nations, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Leininger has received many awards and honors for
Nordic countries. Educational and service organiza- her lifetime professional and academic accomplishments.
tions requested consultation on transcultural nursing, She is in Who’s Who of American Women, Who’s Who in
humanistic caring, ethnonursing research, Culture Health Care, Who’s Who in Community Leaders, Who’s
Care Theory, and trends in health care worldwide. Who of Women in Education, International Who’s Who
In addition to transcultural nursing with care as a in Community Service, Who’s Who in International
central focus, Leininger’s interests include comparative Women, and other such listings. Her name appears
education and administration, nursing theories, poli- on the National Register of Prominent Americans and
tics, ethical dilemmas of nursing and health care, quali- International Notables, International Women, and the
tative research, future nursing and health care, and National Register of Prominent Community Leaders.
nursing leadership. Her Culture Care Theory is used She has received honorary degrees, including the LHD
worldwide and is growing in relevance with the discov- from Benedictine College in Atchison, Kansas; a PhD
ery of knowledge from diverse cultures. Leininger initi- from University of Kuopio, Finland; and a DS from the
ated the National Transcultural Nursing Society in 1974 University of Indiana, Indianapolis. In 1976 and 1995,
and established the National Research Care Conference Leininger was recognized for her significant contribu-
in 1978 for nurses to study human care phenomena tions to the American Association of Colleges of Nurs-
(Leininger, 1981, 1984a, 1988a, 1990a, 1991b; Leininger ing as its first full-time president. She received the
& Watson, 1990). She initiated the Journal of Transcul- Russell Sage Outstanding Leadership Award in 1995
tural Nursing in 1989 and was editor until 1995. and is designated as a Fellow of the American Academy
Leininger worked enthusiastically to persuade nurs- of Nursing and the Society for Applied Anthropology.
ing educators and practitioners to incorporate trans- Her affiliations include Sigma Theta Tau International,
cultural nursing and culture-specific care concepts into Delta Kappa Gamma, and the Scandinavian College of
nursing curricula and clinical practices for all aspects Caring Science in Stockholm, Sweden. She was a distin-
of nursing (Leininger, 1991b, 1995c; Leininger & guished visiting scholar and lecturer at 85 universities
McFarland, 2002a; Leininger & Watson, 1990). She in the United States and worldwide and was a visiting
remained active in two disciplines and continued to professor at universities in Sweden, Wales, Japan, China,
contribute to nursing and anthropology at national and Australia, Finland, New Zealand, and the Philippines.
international conferences and meetings. Dr. Leininger While at Wayne State University, Leininger received the
resides in Omaha, Nebraska, and is semi-retired but Board of Regents’ Distinguished Faculty Award, the