Page 443 - alligood 8th edition_Neat

424 UNIT IV Nursing Theories

health will be documented as the essence of nursing 4. Transcultural nursing is a humanistic and scien-
knowledge and practice. tific care discipline and profession with the central
Leininger believes that nurses must work toward purpose to serve individuals, groups, communi-
explicating care use and meanings so that culture care, ties, societies, and institutions.
values, beliefs, and lifeways can provide accurate and 5. Culturally based caring is essential to curing and
reliable bases for planning and effectively implementing healing, for there can be no curing without caring,
culture-specific care and for identifying any universal or but caring can exist without curing.
common features about care. She maintains that nurses 6. Culture Care concepts, meanings, expressions,
cannot separate worldviews, social structures, and cul- patterns, processes, and structural forms of care
tural beliefs (folk and professional) from health, well- vary transculturally with diversities (differences)
ness, illness, or care when working with cultures, and some universalities (commonalities).
because these factors are closely linked. Social structure
factors such as religion, politics, culture, economics, Person
and kinship are significant forces affecting care and 7. Every human culture has generic (i.e., lay, folk,
influencing illness patterns and well-being. She empha- or indigenous) care knowledge and practices
sizes the importance of discovering generic (folk, local, and usually professional care knowledge and
and indigenous) care from the cultures and comparing practices, which vary transculturally and indi-
it with professional care (Leininger, 1991b). She has vidually.
found that cultural blindness, shock, imposition, and 8. Culture Care values, beliefs, and practices are
ethnocentrism by nurses continue to reduce the quality influenced by and tend to be embedded in the
of care offered to clients of different cultures (Leininger, worldview, language, philosophy, religion (and
1991a, 1994, 1995c; Leininger & McFarland, 2002a, spirituality), kinship, social, political, legal, edu-
2006). She points out that nursing diagnoses and medi- cational, economic, technological, ethnohistori-
cal diagnoses that are not culturally based are known to cal, and environmental context of cultures.
create serious problems for some cultures that lead to
unfavorable outcomes (Leininger, 1990c). Culturally Health
congruent care is a powerful healing force for the qual- 9. Beneficial, healthy, and satisfying culturally based
ity health care that clients seek most when they come care influences the health and well-being of indi-
for care by nurses, and it is realized when culturally viduals, families, groups, and communities within
derived care is known and used. their environmental contexts.
10. Culturally congruent and beneficial nursing care
can occur only when care values, expressions, or
Major Assumptions patterns are known and used explicitly for appro-
Major assumptions of Leininger’s Culture Care The- priate, safe, and meaningful care.
ory of Diversity and Universality were derived from 11. Culture Care differences and similarities exist
Leininger’s definitive works on the theory (Leininger, between professional and client-generic care in
1991b; Leininger & McFarland, 2002a, 2006). human cultures worldwide.
Nursing Environment
1. Care is the essence of nursing and a distinct, 12. Cultural conflicts, cultural impositions practices,
dominant, central, and unifying focus. cultural stresses, and cultural pain reflect the lack
2. Culturally based care (caring) is essential for well- of Culture Care knowledge to provide culturally
being, health, growth, and survival, and to face congruent, responsible, safe, and sensitive care.
handicaps or death. 13. The ethnonursing qualitative research method pro-
3. Culturally based care is the most comprehensive vides an important means to accurately discover
and holistic means to know, explain, interpret, and and interpret emic and etic embedded, complex,
predict nursing care phenomena and to guide and diverse Culture Care data (Leininger, 1991b,
nursing decisions and actions. pp. 44–45).