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432 UNIT IV Nursing Theories

express that this theory and method makes sense to
Importance use in nursing. They contend that the theory is natu-
Transcultural nursing theory has important outcomes ral to nursing and leads to fresh insights about care,
for nursing. Rendering culture-specific care is an health, and well-being. Unquestionably, it is the the-
essential goal in nursing. It places the transcultural ory of today and tomorrow in our growing and
nursing theory central to the domain of nursing increasingly multicultural world. The research and
knowledge acquisition and use. The theory is highly theory provide a pathway to advance the profession of
useful, applicable, and essential to nursing practice, nursing and the body of transcultural knowledge for
education, and research. The concept of care as the application in nursing practice, education, research,
primary focus of nursing and the base of nursing and clinical consultation worldwide.
knowledge and practice is long overdue and essential
for advancing nursing knowledge and practices. This
theory could be the means to establish a sound and
defensible discipline and profession, guiding practice CASE STUDY
to meet a multicultural world. An elderly Arab-American Muslim man who
spoke little English was admitted to the hospital
Summary for increasing pain in his left foot while at rest. His
This chapter introduces Dr. Madeline Leininger, who foot was cool and pale, and he had a history of
vascular surgical procedures. He had many chronic
has championed the nature, importance, and major health problems, including type 2 diabetes, hyper-
features of the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and tension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-
Universality. Leininger’s ethnonursing research method ease. He also had had a myocardial infarction and
and the enablers are presented to show the fit between several cerebral vascular accidents. While in the
the theory and the method. Fully understanding the hospital, he developed abdominal pain and under-
theory and the method (with the enablers) leads to went a cholecystectomy. This elderly grandfather
credible and meaningful study findings. With under- had a large family, including a wife, nine children,
standing, the research becomes meaningful, exciting, and many grandchildren. His wife insisted that all
and rewarding to do, and the researcher develops con- family members visit him every day while he was
fidence and competence in use of the theory and the in the hospital. The family wanted the man’s face
method. turned toward Mecca (toward the East) while they
As a premier theory in nursing, culture care is prayed with him. They brought tape-recorded pas-
greatly valued worldwide. Other disciplines have also sages from the Koran, which they played at his
found the theory and the method helpful. Nurses who bedside. Other families who were visiting their
use the theory and the method frequently communi- sick relatives complained to the nurses that the
cate how valuable it is to discover culturally based Arab family was taking up the entire waiting
ways to know and practice. Practicing nurses now room, and there was no place for anyone else to sit.
have holistic, culturally based research findings for As a nurse, how might you use the three modes
use as they care for clients of diverse and similar from the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and
cultures or subcultures in different countries. New- Universality to provide culturally congruent care
comers to the theory and the method may benefit for this elderly man and his family, as well as for
from experienced expert mentors in addition to the other clients and their families in the critical
studying transcultural research conducted using the care unit?
theory and the method. Most important, nurses often