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CHAPTER 22 Madeleine M. Leininger 433

CRITICAL THINKING ACTIVITIES

1. Select four research studies reported in the Journal minerals, and other over-the-counter medica-
of Transcultural Nursing that used Leininger’s tions and preparations, which demands a trans-
Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality. cultural knowledge base
Select studies that represent different cultures, g. Spiraling health care costs; forced use of health
different research settings, and culture that is maintenance organizations; lack of health in-
different from your own. surance; increased reliance on self-diagnosis,
a. Review each of the studies and outline the rela- treatment, and care; and increased availability
tionship of the theory to the domains of inquiry, of diagnostic test kits for acquired immunode-
purpose, assumptions, definitions, methods, ficiency syndrome, glucose monitoring, choles-
research design, data analysis, nursing deci- terol screening, ovulation and pregnancy, fecal
sions, and conclusions. occult blood, and the like
b. Identify evidence from these studies, and confirm h. Problems related to cultural conflicts, stress,
the Theory in relation to the domain of inquiry pain, and cultural imposition practices
theory tenets and derivable consequences. 3. Arrange an interview experience at a health center
2. Imagine you are to give a 3-minute class presenta- or public health department with persons of diverse
tion on the usefulness of the Theory of Culture cultures. Ascertain the following:
Care Diversity and Universality in the twenty-first a. Identify the cultures represented by the clientele
century and prepare an outline of your presenta- with the use of Leininger’s theory and the Sunrise
tion. Consider the current trends of consumers Enabler.
of health care, cultural diversity factors, and b. What is the cultural mix of the staff (physicians,
changes in medical and nursing school curricula. nurses, social workers, and clerics) of the center
Following are some examples of trends and or health department? How does the cultural
changes you may want to consider: background of the staff differ from that of the
a. The importance of transcultural nursing knowl- clientele?
edge in an increasingly diverse world c. Arrange a conference with the director and
b. Growth of lay support groups to provide infor- nursing staff, and ascertain their culture-based
mation and sharing of experiences and support attitudes, values, and beliefs, and those that are
for clients, families, and groups experiencing reflected in the clients using the center or de-
chronic, terminal, or life-threatening illnesses partment. Compare and contrast the values,
or treatment modalities from diverse or similar attitudes, and beliefs of the staff with those of
(common) cultures the clients. What are the cultural similarities
c. Use of cultural values, beliefs, health practices, and differences?
and research knowledge in undergraduate and d. Survey the printed materials (e.g., visual aids,
graduate nursing curricula across the life span artifacts, and paintings) in the waiting and
d. Inclusion of alternative or generic care in nurs- examination rooms and in the classrooms to
ing curricula, such as medicine men (Native identify the cultures and languages that are
American healers, curers, and herbalists in the depicted.
Southwest) and selected substantiated Chinese e. On the basis of data obtained from this experi-
methods shown to be effective for the treatment ence, how can the Theory of Culture Care
of chronic disease Diversity and Universality be used to provide
e. Use of cultural caring research knowledge as culturally sensitive and congruent care to cli-
the new and future direction of nursing in the ents who use the center or department?
twenty-first century 4. Identify the type of prerequisite knowledge, expe-
f. The increased number of books, audiotapes, riences, attitudes, and skills needed to effectively
and videotapes published on health mainte- use the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and
nance, alternative medicine, herbs, vitamins, Universality.