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34 UNIT I Evolution of Nursing Theories

• Greater attention to synthesizing nursing knowledge a new understanding of the relationship of theory
• Development of stronger nursing theory-research- to research as quantitative study reports include
practice linkages explicit descriptions of their frameworks and quali-
The discipline of nursing has evolved to an un- tative researchers interpret their findings in the con-
derstanding of the relationships among theory, prac- text of nursing frameworks. The complementary
tice, and research that no longer separates them into nature of these relationships is fostering nursing sci-
distinct categories. Rather, their complementary in- ence growth in this theory utilization era. So the
terrelationships foster the development of new un- chapter concludes as it began. Emphasis on theory is
derstanding about practice as theory is used to guide important because theory development in nursing is
practice and practice innovations drive new-middle an essential component in nursing scholarship to
range theory. Similarly, nurse scientists have reached advance the knowledge of the discipline.

CRITICAL THINKING ACTIVITY
1. Show a photograph from the John A. Hartford a piece of paper and draw a building. At the
Foundation website, available at http://www. foundation of the building, write paradigm. Label
bandwidthonline.org/images.asp. Look at the the walls conceptual models. Conceptual models
photograph for a minute, and ask yourself, What are the structure supported by the foundational
do I see? Make a list. Come back to the photo paradigm. Then color the interior walls inside the
a second time, and ask yourself if this list is building and label this theory. Theories are similar
accurate. Then ask yourself what question comes to interior wall configuration. Some configurations
to mind when looking at the photo. What is have a clear purpose, and others do not. All interior
missing from the photo? What is missing from walls are bound by outside walls (conceptual models)
the situation? How did the situation in the photo and supported by the foundation (paradigm). Draw
occur and why? Each type of question will lead to the inside of a room with all of its décor. The unique
different types of thinking. # concepts of theories are similar to the unique
2. Move thinking from dualist to contextual with aspects of the décor. The décor are observable as
this exercise. Use the analogy of a building. Take are the concepts of a conceptual model. $

# Hanna, D.R. (2011). Teaching theoretical thinking for a sense of salience. Journal of Nursing Education, 50(8) 479–482.
$ Duff, E. (2011). Relating the nursing paradigm to practice: a teaching strategy. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship,
1(11), 1–8.

POINTS FOR FURTHER STUDY

n Webber, P. B. (2008). Yes, Virginia, nursing does n Kaplan, A. (1964). The conduct of inquiry:
have laws. Nurse Science Quarterly, 21(1), 68–73. Methodology for behavioral science. New York:
n Classic References Chandler.
n Dubin, R. (1978). Theory building. New York: Free n Mullins, N. (1971). The art of theory: Construction
Press. and use. New York: Harper & Row.
n Hage, J. (1972). Techniques and problems of theory n Wilson, J.(1969). Thinking with concepts. Cambridge:
construction in sociology. New York, Wiley. Cambridge University Press.