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CHAPTER 4 The Structure of Specialized Nursing Knowledge 39

BOX 4-1 Types of Nursing Theoretical Works
Nursing Philosophies Nursing Theories
Nightingale Boykin and Schoenhofer
Watson Meleis
Ray Pender
Benner Leininger
Martinsen Newman
Eriksson Parse
Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain
Nursing Conceptual Models Husted and Husted
Levine
Rogers Middle-Range Nursing Theories
Orem Mercer
King Mishel
Neuman Reed
Roy Wiener and Dodd
Johnson Eakes, Burke, and Hainsworth
Barker
Kolcaba
Beck
Swanson
Ruland and Moore

adherents . . . that tells them how to observe and inter- where she derives a theory of the person as an adaptive
pret the phenomena of interest to the discipline” (p. 16). system from her Adaptation model. The abstract level
The nursing models are comprehensive, and each of Roy’s theory in this example facilitates derivation of
addresses the metaparadigm concepts of person, envi- many middle-range theories specific to nursing prac-
ronment, health, and nursing (Fawcett, 1984; 2000; 2005). tice from it (Alligood 2010b; 2010c). Theories may be
The nursing conceptual models have explicit theories specific to a particular aspect or setting of nursing
derived from them by the theorist or other nurse scholars practice. Another example is Meleis’s transition theory
and implicit theories within them yet to be developed (Chapter 20) that is specific to changes in a person’s
(Alligood, 2010b; Wood, 2010). Works classified as nurs- life process in health and illness. Nursing theories are
ing models are in Unit III, Chapters 12 to 18. presented in Unit IV, Chapters 19 to 26.
The third type, nursing theory, comprises works The fourth type, middle-range theory, has the most
derived from nursing philosophies, conceptual specific focus and is concrete in its level of abstraction
models, abstract nursing theories, or works in other (Alligood 2010b, 2010c; Chinn & Kramer, 2011; Fawcett,
disciplines (Alligood, 2010a; Wood, 2010). A work 2005). Middle-range theories are precise and answer
classified as a nursing theory is developed from some specific nursing practice questions. They address the
conceptual framework and is generally not as specific specifics of nursing situations within the perspective
as a middle-range theory. Although some use the of the model or theory from which they are derived
terms model and theory interchangeably, theories dif- (Alligood, 2010a, 2006b; Fawcett, 2005; Wood, 2010).
fer from models in that they propose a testable action The specifics are such things as the age group of the
(Alligood 2010a; 2010b; Wood, 2010). An example of patient, the family situation, the patient’s health condi-
theory derived from a nursing model is in Roy’s work, tion, the location of the patient, and, most importantly,