Page 78 - (SSF1033) INTRODUCTION TO MALAYSIAN SOCIAL HISTORY
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THE KONGSI FEDERATIONS
AS REPUBLICS AND DEMOCRACIES
The Lanfang Republican
The Lanfang Republic, the Fosioen Federation, and the Samtiaokioe Federation are
the three largest Kongsi federations in Borneo. Historians only emphasize the
connection between kongsis and republicanism in the West. Instead, kongsis
Chinese democracies that developed indipendently from the influence of Western
political institutions.
SECRET SOCIETIES / 2020
