Page 472 - Basic Japanese

speaker himself, either ageru or kureru can be used. If kureru
is used, it shows that the speaker feels closer to the receiver
than to the giver. When the giving event takes place among

outsiders, ageru is generally used.

The verb ageru must be replaced by sashiageru when the
receiver is socially superior to, and/or distant from, the
giver:

Watashi wa sensei ni chokorēto o sashiagemashita.
I gave the teacher chocolate.

Chichi wa shachō ni chokorēto o sashiagemashita.
My father gave the president chocolate.

The verb kureru must be replaced by kudasaru when the

giver is socially superior to, and/or distant from, the
receiver.

Sensei wa watashi ni chokorēto o kudasaimashita.
The teacher gave me chocolate.

Shachō wa chichi ni chokorēto o kudasaimashita.
The president gave my father chocolate.

Note that the verb kudasaru is a consonant verb, but its
masu-form is kudasaimasu rather than kudasarimasu.

The verb ageru can be optionally replaced by yaru when

the receiver is socially in a lower status than the giver. For