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STAR/   Solidariti                                         0.41  0.18



                       PH                                                48.05
                       Warisan                                            2.32  STAR: State Reform Party (2013)/Parti Solidariti
                    Percentage of valid votes in parliamentary contests for major parties, 1955–2018 elections

                       Bersatu                                            5.75  PSRM: Parti Sosialis Rakyat Malaysia  S46: Parti Melayu Semangat ’46  SNAP: Sarawak National Party   Warisan: Parti Warisan Sabah


                       Amanah                                            5.04  SF: Socialist Front   Tanah Airku (2018)


                       PKN/   PKR                                11.67  8.43  18.56  20.39  17.57

                       PBS                             2.29  3.32  2.16

                       S46                             15.06  10.19
                       Pekemas              5.13  0.68  0.01                          Sources: Wong, Chin, and Othman (2010: Table 7.1) with 2013 and 2018 data updated, extracted from Election Reports published by the Election Commission of


                       SNAP             2.69  5.54                    0.41  0.11        Pekemas: Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia  PKN/PKR: Parti Keadilan Nasional/Rakyat  PPP: Perak/People’s Progressive Party  PRM: Parti Rakyat Malaya/Malaysia


                       Gerakan           7.47                                   PAS: Parti Islam SeMalaysia  PBS: Parti Bersatu Sabah   PH: Pakatan Harapan   PN: Parti Negara  Malaysia, various years. Data-input and calculation errors, where identi ed, have been corrected. (All values are percentages.)


                       PAP/   DAP        2.05  11.96  18.30  19.13  19.58  21.09  17.61  12.06  12.53  9.94  14.17  15.71  17.37

                       PPP     0.11  6.29  3.40  3.37                                  1. For 2018, PH includes PKR, DAP , Amanah, Bersatu, and Warisan.
                       Labour/  SF/  PSRM/  PRM  0.48  12.91  16.08  1.13  3.97  0.63  0.93  1.28  1.01  0.64  1.04     0.28



                       PN      7.88  2.11  0.36                                      2. Full names of political parties:

                       PAS     4.06  21.27  14.64  20.91     15.48  14.46  15.50  6.72  7.30  14.99  15.69  14.58  14.78  16.89  Amanah: Parti Amanah Negara   Bersatu: Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia DAP: Democratic Action Party  Gerakan: Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia

                    Table 11.8   Alliance/   BN  81.68  1955  51.77  1959  58.53  1964  46.29  1969  60.73  1974  57.23  1978  60.54  1982  57.28  1986  53.38  1990  65.16  1995  56.53  1999  63.85  2004  51.50  2008  47.38  2013  33.72  2018  Notes:      Alliance: Parti Perikatan   BN: Barisan Nasional   Labour: Parti Buruh  PAP: People’s Action Party










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