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Elite Fragmentation and Party Splits 55

having captured 44 per cent of Malay votes, while PAS came in second with
34 per cent. at elite-level rifts are mirrored in the fragmentation of Malay
voters among three major political actors—PH, UMNO, and PAS—poses a
serious challenge for the new PH government in pushing forward their reform
agenda. ey will have to be sensitive to Malays’ demands and fears, as they
still do not command majority support within the community (see Ahmad
Fauzi and Che Hamdan’s chapter, this volume).

Table 3.4 Number of Malay seats parties won, by margin of votes, 2018
% popular BN PAS PH
vote won UMNO PBB MCA PKR Amanah Bersatu DAP
>70 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0
60–70 3 2 0 0 3 1 0 0
50–60 8 0 0 9 11 2 5 0
40–50 32 0 1 8 15 4 7 1
<40 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 0
Total 46 5 1 18 30 9 12 1

Source: e Star 2018b.

Table 3.5 Malay seats won by coalition/party, by percentage of Malay
voters, 2018

% Malay PH BN PAS Total
voters Won Contested Won Contested Won Contested
>90 2 27 10 27 15 27 27
80–90 3 24 18 24 3 21 24
70–80 9 23 14 23 0 23 23
60–70 25 33 8 33 0 32 33
50–60 13 15 2 15 0 13 15
Total 52 122 52 122 18 116 122
Source: e Star 2018b.

Yet ethnicity is not everything; other factors cut across ethnic identity.
For example, apart from the composition of voters in Malay-majority
constituencies, the results in these seats are also in uenced by regional and
urban-rural factors (see Table 3.6). PH generally did well in highly-urbanised
states like Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Johor, and Malacca, while BN and PAS

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