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missions over Iraq and Afghanistan. Even smaller UAVs fitted with Color-coded terrorism
miniature cameras for battlefield intelligence are available for use risk advisory scale
established by the
by ground troops.
Department of
Homeland Security
in 2002.
The U.S. Intelligence Community
The U.S. intelligence community consists of all the agencies and
individuals who produce intelligence in the United States. The
modern community began to take shape with the passage of the
National Security Act of 1947, which, in addition to reorganiz-
ing the US. armed services, created the National Security Council
(NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The intelligence
community as we know it today was established by an executive
order of President Ronald Reagan in 1981. As a result of analysis
of the failures and shortcomings of the conlmunity following the
terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, relationships within the
community were greatly modified by the Intelligence Reform and
Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA). One of the major pro-
visions of the act was the establishment of a Director of National
Intelligence (DNI), who would henceforth set priorities and man-
agency. Its major priorities are protection against domestic ter-
age the budget of the national intelligence community. He is also
rorism, espionage and other foreign intelligence operations car-
the intelligence adviser to the NSC. The NSC sets domestic, for-
ried out in the United States, and cyber warfare; protection of civil
eign, and military policy related to national security. It is chaired by
rights; and combating organized, white-collar, and significant vio-
the president, and its regular attendees include the vice president,
lent crinle. Headquartered in Washington, D.C. with fifty-six field
secretaries of state, defense, and treasury, and the DNI. The chair-
offices in major cities throughout the US., it employs some 30,000
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is its military adviser, and other
agents, supervisors, lab technicians, and support personnel.
heads of departments and senior officials are invited to attend
when appropriate.
Department of Homeland Security
There are many federal agencies that play major roles in the
US. intelligence community. In addition to the CIA, these include The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was estab-
the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Homeland lished in 2002 to better coordinate all civilian activities related to
Security, and Department of Defense (DOD) agencies such as the both defense of the American homeland against terrorist attacks
National Security Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, and the and emergency disaster response, following the September 2001
individual military service intelligence agencies. terrorist attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Centers. It
includes more than twenty formerly separate government agen-
The Central Intelligence Agency cies, including the U.S. Coast Guard, Customs Service, Secret
Service, Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the Federal
The mission of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is to
Emergency Management Agency (FEJ\tlA). At the tinle of its cre-
provide the president, National Security Council, and other pol-
ation it represented the largest reorganization of the federal govern-
icy-making government and military officials with comprehensive
ment in American history, and the most extensive reorganization
foreign intelligence on matters related to national security. It also
of government agencies since the National Security Act of 1947.
conducts counterintelligence activities and other missions related
The act creating it also established the Homeland Security Council,
to foreign intelligence and national security, as directed by the
consisting of the president, vice president, the head of DHS, and
president. Because it is a separate agency, it serves as an indepen-
several other cabinet members. With over 200,000 employees, DHS
dent source of analysis on topics of concern to intelligence con-
ranks as the third largest cabinet department, after the Department
sumers at all levels of government and in the military services.
of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs.
The DHS has oversight responsibility for many aspects of
The Federal Bureau of Investigation
national security and intelligence functions previously scattered
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the primary agency among many different federal departments, including domestic
of the US. Department of Justice. It serves as the chief federal crinl- terrorist threat assessment, immigration and customs enforcement,
inal investigative service, as well as the main domestic intelligence