Page 613 - Cardiac Nursing

6/2
6/2
0/0
3
0/0
009
1:4
1:4
0
009
0
94.
q
94.
5-5
5-5
q
3
3
xd
q
xd
A
p
A
89
89
p
ara
ara
t
p
t
M
Pa
M
3 P
3 P
Pa
e 5
e 5
g
g
g
K34
0-c
LWBK340-c24_
LWB K34 0-c 24_ pp555-594.qxd 30/06/2009 01:43 PM Page 589 Aptara
LWB
p
p
55
24_
55
C HAPTER 24 / Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock 589
diastole. 197 Other mechanical assist devices may be used. Chapter 6. Colluci, W., & Braunwald, E. (2001). Heart disease: A textbook of cardio-
26 provides an in-depth discussion of circulatory assist devices. vascular medicine.
7. Katz, A. M. (2000). Heart failure: Pathophysiology, molecular biology and
clinical management. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Williams.
Other Considerations 8. Packer, M. (1992). The neurohormonal hypothesis: A theory to explain
the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure. Journal of the
Right Ventricular Infarction. Interventions include cor- American College of Cardiology, 20(1), 248–254.
rection of hypovolemia with fluid administration and main- 9. Bell, D. S. (2003). Heart failure: The frequent, forgotten, and often fatal
6
6
taining RV preload to a mean RA pressure of 15 mm Hg. In- complication of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 26(8), 2433–2441.
otropic therapy with dobutamine can be used to support 10. Kannel, W. B., & McGee, D. L. (1979). Diabetes and cardiovascular dis-
ease. The Framingham study. JAMA, 241(19), 2035–2038.
cardiac output. Atrioventricular (AV) synchrony is also impor- 11. Bock, G., & Goode, J. (2006). Heart failure: Molecules, mechanisms and
tant, and AV sequential pacing can improve blood pressure and therapeutic targets. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
cardiac output. Reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is 12. Katz, A. M. (1998). Evolving concepts of heart failure: Cooling fur-
also crucial. 205 nace, malfunctioning pump, enlarging muscle. Part II: Hypertrophy
and dilatation of the failing heart. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 4(1),
Acute Mitral Regurgitation. Management includes after- 67–81.
load reduction, usually with nitroprusside, and IABP as tempo- 13. Dorn, G. W., II, & Molkentin, J. D. (2004). Manipulating cardiac con-
rizing measures. Inotropic or vasopressor support may also be tractility in heart failure: Data from mice and men. Circulation, 109(2),
150–158.
needed to support blood pressure and cardiac output. Surgical 14. Mani, K., & Kitsis, R. N. (2003). Myocyte apoptosis: Programming ven-
valve repair or replacement is the definitive treatment. 205 tricular remodeling. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 41(5),
761–764.
Ventricular Septal Wall Rupture. IABP and supportive 15. Abbate, A., Biondi-Zoccai, G. G., Bussani, R., et al. (2003). Increased
pharmacologic agents are necessary. Operative repair is the only myocardial apoptosis in patients with unfavorable left ventricular re-
option. The timing of the repair remains controversial, although modeling and early symptomatic post-infarction heart failure. Journal of
the American College of Cardiology, 41(5), 753–760.
most feel repair should be undertaken within 48 hours of the 16. Sanderson, J. E. (2007). Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction.
rupture. 207,208 Heart, 93(2), 155–158.
17. Weil, J., Eschenhagen, T., Hirt, S., et al. (1998). Preserved Frank-
Cardiac Free-Wall Rupture. This condition usually occurs Starling mechanism in human end stage heart failure. Cardiovascular
during the first week after MI. This is a catastrophic event. Research, 37(2), 541–548.
7
7
Possible salvage is possible with rapid recognition, pericardio- 18. Sokolovsky, R. E., Zlochiver, S., & Abboud, S. (2008). Stroke volume es-
centesis to relieve acute tamponade, and thoracotomy with timation in heart failure patients using bioimpedance: A realistic simula-
repair. 208–210 tion of the forward problem. Physiological Measurement, 29(6),
S139–S149.
Valvular Heart Disease. Emergency surgery is indicated for 19. Lopez, B., Gonzalez, A., & Diez, J. (2004). Role of matrix metallopro-
aortic dissection that results in acute aortic regurgitation. In cases teinases in hypertension-associated cardiac fibrosis. Current Opinion in
Nephrology and Hypertension, 13(2), 197–204.
of severe mitral stenosis, decreasing the heart rate to improve di- 20. Lester, S. J., Tajik, A. J., Nishimura, R. A., et al. (2008). Unlocking the
astolic filling time improves cardiac output. Mitral valvuloplasty mysteries of diastolic function: Deciphering the Rosetta Stone 10 years
or surgical intervention is indicated. later. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 51(7), 679–689.
21. Tang, W. H., & Francis, G. S. (2007). The year in heart failure. Journal
Extracardiac Obstructive Shock. Pulmonary embolism is of the American College of Cardiology, 50(24), 2344–2351.
best treated with thrombolytic therapy. 210 Cardiac tamponade 22. Cotter, G., Felker, G. M., Adams, K. F., et al. (2008). The pathophysiol-
initially needs volume support, but definitive therapy is pericar- ogy of acute heart failure—Is it all about fluid accumulation? American
Heart Journal, 155(1), 9–18.
diocentesis and possible pericardial window. 208 23. Felker, G. M., & Cotter, G. (2006). Unraveling the pathophysiology of
acute heart failure: An inflammatory proposal. American Heart Journal,
151(4), 765–767.
REFERENCES 24. Mazhari, R., & Hare, J. M. (2007). Advances in cell-based therapy for
structural heart disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease, 49(6),
1. Hunt, S. A., Abraham, W. T., Chin, M. H., et al. (2005). ACC/AHA 387–395.
2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic 25. Szokodi, I., Kinnunen, P., Tavi, P., et al. (1998). Evidence for cAMP-
Heart Failure in the Adult: A Report of the American College of Cardi- independent mechanisms mediating the effects of adrenomedullin, a new
ology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines inotropic peptide. Circulation, 97(11), 1062–1070.
7
7
(Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation 26. Smith, G. L., Lichtman, J. H., Bracken, M. B., et al. (2006). Renal im-
and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With pairment and outcomes in heart failure: Systematic review and meta-analy-
7
7
the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society sis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 47(10), 1987–1996.
for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm So- 27. Liang, K. V., Williams, A. W., Greene, E. L., et al. (2008). Acute de-
ciety. Circulation, 112(12), e154–e235. compensated heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome. Critical Care
6
6
2. Fonarow, G. C. (2008). Epidemiology and risk stratification in acute Medicine, 36(1, Suppl.), S75–S88.
heart failure. American Heart Journal, 155(2), 200–207. 28. Anand, I. S., Fisher, L. D., Chiang, Y. T., et al. (2003). Changes in brain
3. Gwadry-Sridhar, F. H., Flintoft, V., Lee, D. S., et al. (2004). A system- natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine over time and mortality and mor-
atic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing readmission rates and bidity in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation,
7
7
mortality rates in patients with heart failure. Archives of Internal Medi- 107(9), 1278–1283.
cine, 164(21), 2315–2320. 29. Aronson, D., & Burger, A. J. (2003). Neurohumoral activation and ven-
4. Rosamond, W., Flegal, K., Furie, K., et al. (2008). Heart disease and tricular arrhythmias in patients with decompensated congestive heart
stroke statistics—2008 update: A report from the American Heart Asso- failure: Role of endothelin. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology, 26(3),
6
6
ciation Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circu- 703–710.
7
7
lation, 117(4), e25–e146. 30. Bibbins-Domingo, K., Lin, F., Vittinghoff, E., et al. (2004). Renal insuf-
5. Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Larson, M. G., Leip, E. P., et al. (2002). Lifetime ficiency as an independent predictor of mortality among women with
risk for developing congestive heart failure: The Framingham Heart heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 44(8),
Study. Circulation, 106(24), 3068–3072. 1593–1600.
6
6