Page 333 - Concise Pathology for Exam Preparation ( PDFDrive )

318 SECTION II Diseases of Organ Systems

Q. Enumerate the causes of monocytosis.

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Ans. Monocytosis is defined as a peripheral monocyte count more than 1000/mm .
Causes of Monocytosis

• Infections: Tuberculosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, bacterial endocarditis, syphilis, infec-
tious mononucleosis and other viral infections, protozoal and rickettsial infections
(eg, kala-azar, malaria and Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
• Autoimmune diseases: Systemic lupus erythaematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and in-
flammatory bowel disease
• Malignancies: Hodgkin disease, MDS and certain leukaemias, such as chronic myelo-
monocytic leukaemia (CMML) and AML-M4 and AML-M5
• Miscellaneous: Sarcoidosis and carcinomas

Q. Enumerate the causes of basophilia.
Ans. Basophilia is defined as increase in basophil count to more than 100/mm .
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Causes of Basophilia
• Inflammatory conditions: Inflammatory bowel disease, chronic airway inflammation,
chronic dermatitis, viral infections and chronic sinusitis
• Myeloproliferative disorders: Chronic myelogenous leukaemia, polycythaemia vera
and myelofibrosis
• Endocrinological causes: Hypothyroidism, ovulation and oestrogens
• Others: Chronic haemolytic anaemia, Hodgkin disease and splenectomy

Q. Write briefly on quantitative disorders of lymphocytes.
Ans. Absolute lymphocytosis is defined as increase in the absolute count of lymphocytes
beyond 4000/mm in adults.
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Causes of Lymphocytosis
• Infections like pertussis, infectious mononucleosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, secondary
syphilis, cytomegalovirus, EBV, mumps, measles, varicella, toxoplasmosis and infective
hepatitis
• Malignancies like ALL, CLL and NHL
• Autoimmune disorders like SLE
• Drugs like phenytoin
Lymphopenia is caused by aplastic anaemia, high dose of steroids, AIDS, Hodgkin
lymphoma and irradiation.

Q. What are leukaemoid reactions?
Ans. Leukaemoid reactions are characterized by an increase in the total leukocyte count
beyond 25,000/µL. They are seen in response to infections, haematological and nonhae-
matological malignancies and various toxic states. The bone marrow shows proliferation
without presence of any abnormal cells. Leukemoid reactions are of two types:
1. Myeloid leukaemoid reactions
Total WBC count is markedly increased with a predominance of cells of myeloid series
including an occasional immature cell (myelocytes, promyelocytes and myeloblasts).
Causes:
• Infections like pneumonia, septicaemia and meningococcal meningitis
• Secondary to nonhaematological malignancies
• Acute haemolysis
• Eclampsia
• Severe burns

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