Page 138 - Hematology_ Basic Principles and Practice ( PDFDrive )
P. 138

Chapter 9  Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology  109


                                                                  Aifantis I, Raetz E, Buonamici S: Molecular pathogenesis of T-cell leukaemia
                                                                    and lymphoma. Nat Rev Immunol 8:380, 2008.
                                                                  Baylin SB, Jones PA: A decade of exploring the cancer epigenome–biological
                                                                    and translational implications. Nat Rev Cancer 11:726–734, 2011.
                                                                  Beerman I, Rossi DJ: Epigenetic control of stem cell potential during homeo-
                                                                    stasis, aging, and disease. Cell Stem Cell 16:613–625, 2015.
                                                                  Bertrand  JY,  Chi  NC,  Santoso  B,  et al:  Haematopoietic  stem  cells  derive
                                                                    directly from aortic endothelium during development. Nature 464:108–
              A                                                     111, 2010.
                                                                  Blank  U,  Karlsson  G,  Karlsson  S:  Signaling  pathways  governing  stem-cell
                                                                    fate. Blood 111:492–503, 2008.
                                                                  Chen CW, Armstrong SA: Targeting DOT1L and HOX gene expression in
                                                                    MLL-rearranged leukemia and beyond. Exp Hematol 43:673–684, 2015.
                                                                  Chen  MJ,  Yokomizo  T,  Zeigler  BM,  et al:  Runx1  is  required  for  the
                                                                    endothelial to haematopoietic cell transition but not thereafter. Nature
                                                                    457:887–891, 2009.
                                                                  Cheng  CW,  Adams  GB,  Perin  L,  et al:  Prolonged  fasting  reduces  IGF-1/
                                                                    PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse
                                                                    immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell 14:810–823, 2014.
                                                                  Dahlberg A, Delaney C, Bernstein ID: Ex vivo expansion of human hemato-
              B                                                     poietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood 117:6083–6090, 2011.
                                                                  Delaney C, Heimfeld S, Brashem-Stein C, et al: Notch-mediated expansion
            Fig.  9.4  CLONAL  DYNAMICS  IN  HEMATOLOGIC  MALIGNAN-  of human cord blood progenitor cells capable of rapid myeloid reconstitu-
            CIES. (A) The cancer stem cell (CSC) model assumes a hierarchical structure   tion. Nat Med 16:232–236, 2010.
            akin  the  normal  hematopoietic  hierarchy.  The  CSC  can  give  rise  to  the   Doan PL, Himburg HA, Helms K, et al: Epidermal growth factor regulates
            hematopoietic lineage but usually results in a differentiation block leading to   hematopoietic regeneration after radiation injury. Nat Med 19:295–304,
            the accumulation of immature progenitor (blast) cells. (B) The clonal evolu-  2013.
            tion model suggests that a carcinogen-induced change in a normal cell confers   Doulatov S, Vo LT, Chou SS, et al: Induction of multipotential hematopoi-
            a  growth  advantage  to  that  cell  permitting  its  clonal  expansion.  Selective   etic progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells via respecification of
            pressures are responsible for some mutant subclones to expand while others   lineage-restricted precursors. Cell Stem Cell 13:459–470, 2013.
            become extinct or dormant. A combination of both models is also possible.   Dykstra  B,  Kent  D,  Bowie  M,  et al:  Long-term  propagation  of  distinct
            (A, Adapted from Wang J, Ma Y, Cooper MK: Cancer stem cells in glioma: challenges   hematopoietic differentiation programs in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 1:218–229,
            and opportunities. Transl Cancer Res 2, 429, 2013. B, Adapted from Greaves M,   2007.
            Maley CC: Clonal evolution in cancer. Nature 481, 306, 2012; Nowell PC: The   Dzierzak  E,  Speck  NA:  Of  lineage  and  legacy:  the  development  of  mam-
            clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 194, 23, 1976.)  malian hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Immunol 9:129–136, 2008.
                                                                  Eaves CJ: Hematopoietic stem cells: concepts, definitions, and the new reality.
                                                                    Blood 125:2605–2613, 2015.
                                                                  Fares I, Chagraoui J, Gareau Y, et al: Cord blood expansion. Pyrimidoindole
            An additional driver mutation occurring in this clone then gives rise   derivatives are agonists of human hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal.
                           287
            to the founding LSC.  Mutations in either the LSC itself or again its   Science 345:1509–1512, 2014.
                                                            526
            subclones can evolve into the dominating clone in relapsed AML.    Fatica A, Bozzoni I: Long non-coding RNAs: new players in cell differentia-
            Genomic profiling of AML patients has yielded strong evidence for the   tion and development. Nat Rev Genet 15:7–21, 2014.
            presence of nonmalignant preleukemic HSPCs 286,346,530  that survive   Golub  R,  Cumano  A:  Embryonic  hematopoiesis.  Blood  Cells  Mol  Dis
            chemotherapy and produce mature lymphoid cells while at the same   51:226–231, 2013.
            time generating new waves of mutant clones as the disease progresses.   Greaves  M,  Maley  CC:  Clonal  evolution  in  cancer.  Nature  481:306–313,
            Mutations in epigenetic genes, for instance, DNMT3A, IDH2 and   2012.
            ASXL1, are often identified in the ancestral clones, suggesting their   Greenblatt SM, Nimer SD: Chromatin modifiers and the promise of epigen-
            early role in AML pathogenesis, whereas mutations in NPM1 and   etic therapy in acute leukemia. Leukemia 28:1396–1406, 2014.
            signaling genes appear to be acquired later. 286,346  Of note, DNMT3A   Guo  G,  Luc  S,  Marco  E,  et al:  Mapping  cellular  hierarchy  by  single-cell
            and  ASXL1  are  also  among  the  three  most  recurrently  mutated   analysis of the cell surface repertoire. Cell Stem Cell 13:492–505, 2013.
            genes in clonal hematopoiesis (along with TET2) and present with   Gurumurthy  S,  Xie  SZ,  Alagesan  B,  et al:  The  Lkb1  metabolic  sensor
            a  frequency  of  about  10%  of  healthy  people  over  65  years. 531,532    maintains  haematopoietic  stem  cell  survival.  Nature  468:659–663,
            Furthermore, these findings indicate that the LSC crucial for driving   2010.
            the  progression  to  AML  can  be  a  downstream  progenitor  (in  this   Himburg  HA,  Muramoto  GG,  Daher  P,  et al:  Pleiotrophin  regulates  the
            case,  a  GMP  and/or  multilymphoid  progenitor).  Further  support   expansion  and  regeneration  of  hematopoietic  stem  cells.  Nat  Med
            comes from mouse models: LSCs from leukemias initiated by forced   16:475–482, 2010.
            expression of an MLL-AF9 fusion gene (common in AML patients)   Ito K, Carracedo A, Weiss D, et al: A PML-PPAR-delta pathway for fatty
            in GMPs retain the identity of the progenitor cells, despite having   acid oxidation regulates hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Nat Med
                                   324
            acquired self-renewal potential.  The identification of both tumor-  18:1350–1358, 2012.
            initiating ancestral HSPCs and LSCs has important implications for   Jamieson CH, Ailles LE, Dylla SJ, et al: Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors
            the treatment of hematologic malignancies, as relapse-causing clones   as  candidate  leukemic  stem  cells  in  blast-crisis  CML.  N  Engl  J  Med
            may be unrelated to the predominant clones at diagnosis in ~50% of   351:657–667, 2004.
            patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), T-ALL   Keller  G:  Embryonic  stem  cell  differentiation:  emergence  of  a  new  era  in
            and AML. 346                                            biology and medicine. Genes Dev 19:1129–1155, 2005.
                                                                  Kiel MJ, Yilmaz OH, Iwashita T, et al: SLAM family receptors distinguish
                                                                    hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for
            SUGGESTED READINGS                                      stem cells. Cell 121:1109–1121, 2005.
                                                                  Ling  H,  Fabbri  M,  Calin  GA:  MicroRNAs  and  other  non-coding  RNAs
            Adams PD, Jasper H, Rudolph KL: Aging-induced stem cell mutations as   as  targets  for  anticancer  drug  development.  Nat  Rev  Drug  Discov
              drivers for disease and cancer. Cell Stem Cell 16:601, 2015.  12:847–865, 2013.
   133   134   135   136   137   138   139   140   141   142   143