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1802   Part XI  Transfusion Medicine


           The Hemovigilance Module provides standard criteria and defini-  Kuehnert M, Roth VR, Haley NR, et al: Transfusion-transmitted bacterial
        tions  to  participating  facilities  to  report  adverse  events  related  to   infection in the United States, 1998 through 2000. Transfusion 41:1493,
        blood transfusion that will result in aggregate data suitable for trend   2001.
        analyses and benchmarking. Participating facilities can analyze their   Popovsky MA: Transfusion reactions, Bethesda, MD, 2012, AABB Press.
        data independently within NHSN and will be able to compare their   Sachs UJ, Wasel W, Bayat B, et al: Mechanism of transfusion-related acute
        data with national aggregate rates through NHSN in the future.  lung injury induced by HLA class II antibodies. Blood 117:669, 2011.
           The following transfusion reaction categories are used to identify   Sandler  SG,  Eder  AF,  Goldman  M,  et al: The  entity  of  immunoglobulin
        types of adverse events related to blood transfusion:    A-related anaphylactic transfusion reactions is not evidence based. Trans-
                                                                 fusion 55:199, 2015.
        •  Allergic                                           Savage WJ, Hamilton RG, Tobian AR, et al: Defining risk factors and pre-
        •  Acute hemolytic                                       sentations of allergic transfusion reactions. J Allerg Clin Imm 133:1772,
        •  Delayed hemolytic                                     2014.
        •  Delayed serologic                                  Shimada E, Tadokoro K, Watanabe Y, et al: Anaphylactic transfusion reac-
        •  Febrile nonhemolytic                                  tions  in  haptoglobin-deficient  patients  with  IgE  and  IgG  haptoglobin
        •  Hypotensive                                           antibodies. Transfusion 42:766, 2002.
        •  Posttransfusion purpura                            Sihler K, Napolitano L: Complications of massive transfusion. Chest 137:209,
        •  Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO)    2010.
        •  Transfusion-associated dyspnea                     Stowell  SR,  Winkler  AM,  Maier  CL,  et al:  Initiation  and  regulation  of
        •  Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease      complement during hemolytic transfusion reactions. Clin Dev Immunol
        •  Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)         2012:307093, 2012.
        •  Transfusion-transmitted infection                  Tobian A, Sokoll LJ, Tisch DJ, et al: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
                                                                 is a useful diagnostic marker for transfusion-associated circulatory over-
        Transfusion  reactions  are  further  classified  by  their  severity  and   load. Transfusion 48:1143, 2008.
        imputability—that is, the likelihood that the reaction is attributable   Toy  P,  Gajic  O,  Bacchetti  P,  et al:  Transfusion-related  acute  lung  injury:
        to infusion of the blood product being investigated. Protocols, forms,   incidence and risk factors. Blood 119:2002, 1757.
        and enrollment information are available online (http://www.cdc.gov/  U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Vaccines, Blood & Biologics: Fatalities
        nhsn/PDFs/Biovigilance/BV-HV-protocol-current.pdf).      reported to FDA following blood collection and transfusion: Annual summary
                                                                 for  fiscal  Year  2013.  <http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/
                                                                 SafetyAvailability/ReportaProblem/TransfusionDonationFatalities/
        SUGGESTED READINGS                                       ucm391574.htm>.
                                                              Uchida S, Tadokoro K, Takahashi M, et al: Analysis of 66 patients definitive
        Alessandrino  P,  Bernasconi  P,  Caldera  D,  et al:  Adverse  events  occurring   with  transfusion-associated  graft-versus-host  disease  and  the  effect  of
           during bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell infusion: analysis   universal irradiation of blood. Transfusion Med 23:416, 2013.
           of 126 cases. Bone Marrow Transplant 23:533, 1999.  Vlaar A, Hofstra JJ, Determann RM, et al: The incidence, risk factors, and
        Benumof J: Minimizing venous air embolism from reinfusion bags [comment].   outcome of transfusion-related acute lung injury in a cohort of cardiac
           Anesthesiology 91:1999, 1962.                         surgery patients: a prospective nested case-control study. Blood 117:4218,
        Gilliss B, Looney M: Experimental models of transfusion-related acute lung   2011.
           injury. Transfus Med Rev 25:1, 2011.               Wiersum-Osselton  J,  Middleburg  RA,  Beckers  EA,  et al:  Male-only  fresh-
        Hardy J, de Moerloose P, Samama C: The coagulopathy of massive transfu-  frozen  plasma  for  transfusion-related  acute  lung  injury  prevention:
           sion. Vox Sang 89:123, 2005.                          before-and-after comparative cohort study. Transfusion 51:1278, 2011.
        Heddle NM, Blajchman MA, Meyer RM, et al: A randomized controlled trial   Worel N, Greinix HT, Keil F, et al: Severe immune hemolysis after minor
           comparing the frequency of acute reactions to plasma-removed platelets   ABO-mismatched allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cell transplanta-
           and prestorage WBC-reduced platelets. Transfusion 42:556, 2002.  tion occurs more frequently after nonmyeloablative than myeloablative
        Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, et al: Transfusion of plasma, platelets,   conditioning. Transfusion 42:1293, 2002.
           and red blood cells in a 1 : 1 : 1 vs a 1 : 1 : 2 ratio and mortality in patients   Yomtovian  RA,  Palavecino  EL,  Dysktra  AH,  et al:  Evolution  of  surveil-
           with  severe  trauma:  the  PROPPR  randomized  clinical  trial.  JAMA   lance methods for detection of bacterial contamination of platelets in a
           313:471, 2015.                                        university hospital, 1991 through 2004. Transfusion 46:719–730, 2006.
        Kelly M, Roy DC, Labbe AC, et al: What is the clinical significance of infus-
           ing hematopoietic cell grafts contaminated with bacteria? Bone Marrow
           Transplant 38:183, 2006.
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