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4 4 Heat and
Temperature
Sparks fly from a plate of steel as it is cut by an infrared laser. Today, lasers
are commonly used to cut as well as weld metals, so the cutting and welding
are done by light, not by a flame or electric current.
CORE CONCEPT
A relationship exists between heat, temperature,
and the motion and position of molecules.
OUTLINE
4.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory
Kinetic Molecular Theory Molecules
All matter is made of molecules Molecules Interact
that move and interact. Phases of Matter
Molecules Move
4.2 Temperature Temperature
Thermometers Temperature is a measure of
Temperature Scales the average kinetic energy of
Heat A Closer Look: Goose Bumps and Shivering molecules.
Heat is a measure of internal 4.3 Heat
Heat as Energy Transfer
energy that has been transferred Heat Defined
or absorbed. Two Heating Methods Measures of Heat
Measures of Heat Heat may be increased by an
Specific Heat energy form conversion, and the
Heat Flow Heat Flow relationship between the energy
Conduction form and the resulting heating is
Heat flow resulting from a
Science and Society: Require Insulation? always the same.
temperature difference takes Convection
place as conduction, convection, Radiation
and/or radiation. 4.4 Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory
Phase Change Thermodynamics
A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design The laws of thermodynamics
Evaporation and Condensation describe a relationship between
4.5 Thermodynamics changes of internal energy, work,
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics and heat.
The Second Law and Natural Processes
People Behind the Science: Count Rumford
(Benjamin Thompson)
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