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31. The most penetrating of the three common types of nuclear 42. Hydrogen-3 emits a beta particle, and the new nucleus formed is
radiation is the a. helium-3.
a. alpha particle. b. helium-4.
b. beta particle. c. hydrogen-2.
c. gamma ray. d. hydrogen-3.
d. All have equal penetrating ability. 43. Which of the following is most likely to happen to an alpha
32. An atom of an isotope with an atomic number greater than 83 particle after it is emitted?
will probably emit a (an) a. It escapes to space, where it is known as a cosmic ray.
a. alpha particle. b. After being absorbed by matter, it is dissipated as radiant
b. beta particle. energy.
c. gamma ray. c. After joining with subatomic particles, it finds itself in a
d. None of the above is correct. child’s balloon.
33. An atom of an isotope with a large neutron-to-proton ratio will d. It joins others of its kind to make lightning and thunder.
probably emit a (an) 44. Which of the following is most likely to happen to a beta particle
a. alpha particle. after it is emitted?
b. beta particle. a. It escapes to space, where it is known as a cosmic ray.
c. gamma ray. b. After being absorbed by matter, it is dissipated as radiant
d. None of the above is correct. energy.
34. All of the naturally occurring radioactive decay series end when c. After joining with subatomic particles, it finds itself in a
the radioactive elements have decayed to child’s balloon.
a. lead. d. It joins others of its kind to make lightning and thunder.
b. bismuth. 45. A nucleus emits a beta particle, and the number of nucleons it
c. uranium. contains is now
d. hydrogen. a. greater.
35. The rate of radioactive decay can be increased by increasing the b. fewer.
a. temperature. c. the same.
b. pressure. 46. Enriched uranium has more
c. surface area. a. energy.
d. None of the above is correct. b. radioactivity.
36. Isotope A has a half-life of seconds, and isotope B has a half-life c. deuterium.
of millions of years. Which isotope is more radioactive? d. uranium-235.
a. Isotope A Answers
b. Isotope B
1. a 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. a 10. c 11. b 12. c 13. c 14. a
c. It depends on the temperature.
15. c 16. b 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. d 21. b 22. c 23. a 24. c 25. d 26. c
d. The answer cannot be determined from the information given.
27. a 28. b 29. b 30. a 31. c 32. a 33. b 34. a 35. d 36. a 37. a 38. c
37. A Geiger counter indirectly measures radiation by measuring 39. a 40. c 41. b 42. a 43. c 44. d 45. c 46. d
a. ions produced.
b. flashes of light.
c. alpha, beta, and gamma. QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT
d. fog on photographic film.
38. A measure of radiation received that considers the biological
1. How is a radioactive material different from a material that is not
effect resulting from the radiation is the
radioactive?
a. curie.
2. What is radioactive decay? Describe how the radioactive decay
b. rad.
rate can be changed if this is possible.
c. rem.
3. Describe three kinds of radiation emitted by radioactive
d. Any of the above is correct.
materials. Describe what eventually happens to each kind of
39. Used fuel rods from a nuclear reactor contain about
radiation after it is emitted.
a. 96 percent usable uranium and plutonium.
4. How are positively charged protons able to stay together in a
b. 33 percent usable uranium and plutonium.
nucleus since like charges repel?
c. 4 percent usable uranium and plutonium.
d. 0 percent usable uranium and plutonium. 5. What is a half-life? Give an example of the half-life of an isotope,
describing the amount remaining and the time elapsed after five
40. The source of energy from the Sun is
half-life periods.
a. chemical (burning).
b. fission. 6. Would you expect an isotope with a long half-life to be more, the
c. fusion. same, or less radioactive than an isotope with a short half-life?
d. radioactive decay. Explain.
41. The isotope of hydrogen that has one proton and one neutron is 7. What is (a) a curie, (b) a rad, (c) a rem?
a. ordinary hydrogen. 8. What is meant by background radiation? What is the normal
b. deuterium. radiation dose from background radiation for the average person?
c. tritium. 9. Why is there controversy about the effects of long-term, low
d. hydrogen-1. levels of radiation exposure?
13-27 CHAPTER 13 Nuclear Reactions 349