Page 373 - 9780077418427.pdf

/Users/user-f465/Desktop
tiL12214_ch13_323-350.indd Page 350 9/3/10 6:15 PM user-f465
tiL12214_ch13_323-350.indd Page 350 9/3/10 6:15 PM user-f465 /Users/user-f465/Desktop

10. What is a mass defect? How is it related to the binding energy of 6. Write a letter to your congressional representative describing
a nucleus? How can both be calculated? why used nuclear fuel rods should be reprocessed rather than
11. Compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. buried as nuclear waste.
7. What are the similarities and differences between a nuclear
fission power plant and a nuclear fusion power plant?
FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS

INVITATION TO INQUIRY
1. What are the significant differences between a radioactive
isotope and an isotope that is not radioactive?
2. Analyze the different types of radioactive decay to explain how How Much Radiation?
each is a hazard to living organisms. Ionizing radiation is understood to be potentially harmful if certain
3. Make up a feasible explanation for why some isotopes have doses are exceeded. How much ionizing radiation do you acquire from
half-lives of seconds, while other isotopes have half-lives in the the surroundings where you live, from your lifestyle, and from medical
billions of years. procedures? Investigate radiation from cosmic sources, the Sun, televi-
4. Suppose you believe the threshold model of radiation sion sets, time spent in jet airplanes, and dental or other X-ray machines.
exposure is correct. Describe a conversation between yourself What are other sources of ionizing radiation in your com munity? How
and another person who feels strongly that the linear model of difficult is it to find relevant information and make recommendations?
radiation exposure is correct.
Does any agency monitor the amount of radiation that people receive?
5. Explain how the fission of heavy elements and the fusion of light What are the problems and issues with such monitoring?
elements both release energy.

PARALLEL EXERCISES

The exercises in groups A and B cover the same concepts. Solutions to group A exercises are located in appendix E.
Group A Group B
Note: You will need the table of atomic weights inside the back cover of Note: You will need the table of atomic weights inside the back cover of
this text. this text.
1. Give the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the 1. Give the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the
nucleus of each of the following isotopes. nucleus of each of the following isotopes.
(a) Cobalt-60 (a) Aluminum-25
(b) Potassium-40 (b) Technetium-95
(c) Neon-24 (c) Tin-120
(d) Lead-208 (d) Mercury-200
2. Write the nuclear symbols for each of the nuclei in exercise 1. 2. Write the nuclear symbols for each of the nuclei in exercise 1.
3. Predict if the nuclei in exercise 1 are radioactive or stable, giving 3. Predict if the nuclei in exercise 1 are radioactive or stable, giving
your reasoning behind each prediction. your reasoning behind each prediction.
4. Write a nuclear equation for the decay of the following nuclei as 4. Write a nuclear equation for the beta emission decay of each of
they give off a beta particle. the following.
56 14
(a) Fe (a) C
6
26
7 60
(b) Be (b) Co
27
4
64 24
(c) Cu (c) Na
29
11
24 214
(d) Na (d) Pu
94
11
214 131
(e) Pb (e) I
82
53
32 210
(f) P (f) Pb
82
15
5. Write a nuclear equation for the decay of the following nuclei as 5. Write a nuclear equation for each of the following alpha emission
they undergo alpha emission. decay reactions.
235 241
(a) U (a) Am
95
92
226 223
(b) Ra (b) Th
88
90
239 223
(c) Pu (c) Ra
88
94
214 234
(d) Bi (d) U
83
92
230 242
(e) Th (e) Cm
90
96
210 237
(f) Po (f) Np
84
93
6. The half-life of iodine-131 is 8 days. How much of a 1.0 oz 6. If the half-life of cesium-137 is 30 years, approximately how
sample of iodine-131 will remain after 32 days? much time will be required to reduce a 1 kg sample to about 1 g?
350 CHAPTER 13 Nuclear Reactions 13-28