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3. On what date is Earth closest to the Sun? What season is occurring INVITATION TO INQUIRY
in the Northern Hemisphere at this time? Explain this apparent
contradiction.
Hello, Moon!
4. Explain why an eclipse of the Sun does not occur at each new
moon phase when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun. Observe where the Moon is located relative to the landscape where you
5. Explain why sundial time is often different than the time as live each day or night that it is visible. Make a sketch of the outline
shown by a clock. of the landscape. For each date, draw an accurate sketch of where the
6. Analyze why the time between two consecutive tides is 12 hours Moon is located and note the time. Also, sketch the moon phase for
25 minutes rather than 12 hours. Explore as many different each date.
explanations as you can imagine, then select the best and explain Continue your observations until you have enough information
how it could be tested. for analysis. Analyze the data for trends that would enable you to make
predictions. For each day, draw circles to represent the relative posi-
tions of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun.

PARALLEL EXERCISES

The exercises in groups A and B cover the same concepts. Solutions to group A exercises are located in appendix E.
Group A Group B
1. What is the latitude of an observer who measures an altitude of 1. What is the latitude of an observer who measures an altitude of
the Sun above the southern horizon of 110.0° at noon on the the Sun above the northern horizon of 50.0° at noon on the
summer solstice? winter solstice?
2. What is the latitude of an observer who measures an altitude of 2. What is the latitude of an observer who measures an altitude of
the Sun above the northern horizon of 43.5° at noon on the the Sun above the southern horizon of 15.5° at noon on the
summer solstice? winter solstice?
3. What is the altitude of the Sun above the southern horizon at 3. What is the altitude of the Sun above the northern horizon at
noon in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the winter solstice? noon in Perth, Australia, on the summer solstice? (Assume the
(Assume Philadelphia is at 39.95°N latitude.) latitude of Perth is 31.95°S.)
4. What is the altitude of the Sun above the southern horizon at 4. What is the altitude of the Sun above the northern horizon at
noon in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, on the summer solstice? noon in Jakarta, Indonesia, on the winter solstice? (Assume the
(Assume the latitude of Merida is 21.0°N.) latitude of Jakarta is 6°S.)
5. On September 1 at a location in the Northern Hemisphere, the 5. On March 1 at a location in the Northern Hemisphere, the
sunrise was 6:35 a.m. and sunset was 7:55 p.m. On September 30, sunrise was at 6:35 a.m. and sunset was at 5:50 p.m. On March 31,
the sunrise was at 7:15 a.m. and the sunset at 6:55 p.m. What was the sunrise was at 5:45 a.m. and the sunset was at 6:25 p.m. What
the average change in daylight per day, in minutes, during this was the average change in daylight per day, in minutes, during
month? (Assume all times are daylight saving time.) this month? (Assume all times are standard time.)
6. On November 21 at a location in the Northern Hemisphere, the 6. On May 21 at a location in the Northern Hemisphere, the sunrise
sunrise was at 7:25 a.m. and sunset was at 4:25 p.m. On was at 6:30 a.m. and sunset was at 8:35 p.m. On June 21, the
December 21, the sunrise was at 7:55 a.m. and the sunset at sunrise was at 6:25 a.m. and the sunset at 8:50 p.m. What was the
4:20 p.m. What was the average change in daylight per day, in average change in daylight per day, in minutes, during this
minutes, during this period? (Assume all times are standard time.) period? (Assume all times are daylight saving time.)
7. What is the rotational velocity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 7. What is the rotational velocity of Edmonton, Alberta, in km/h?
km/h? (Assume a sidereal day and Earth’s circumference at (Assume a sidereal day and Earth’s circumference at Edmonton’s
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Philadelphia’s latitude is 3.072 × 10 km.) latitude is 2.384 × 10 km.)
8. What is the rotational velocity of Anchorage, Alaska, in km/min? 8. What is the rotational velocity of Nassau, Bahamas, in km/min?
(Assume a sidereal day and Earth’s circumference at Anchorage’s (Assume a sidereal day and Earth’s circumference at Nassau’s
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4
latitude is 1.928 × 10 km.) latitude is 3.632 × 10 km.)
9. A satellite in polar orbit takes a complete set of images of all of 9. A satellite at an altitude of 36,000 km is in geostationary orbit
Earth each day. What is the orbital velocity of the satellite in around Earth’s equator. What is the orbital velocity of the satellite
km/h? (Assume 0.99 h per orbit and the satellite’s altitude is in km/h? (Assume a sidereal day.)
850 km.)
10. Converting from latitude, how many kilometers north of the 10. How many kilometers distance on Earth's surface is 1° of
equator is Philadelphia, Pennsylvania? (Assume Philadelphia is latitude?
at 39.95°N latitude.)

16-27 CHAPTER 16 Earth in Space 431