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43. A lunar eclipse does not occur every month because 9. Use a map or a globe to identify the latitude and longitude of
a. the plane of the Moon’s orbit is inclined to the ecliptic. your present location.
b. of precession. 10. The tropic of Cancer, tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, and
c. Earth moves faster in its orbit when closest to the Sun. Antarctic Circle are parallels that are identified with specific
d. Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to the Sun. names. What parallels do the names represent? What is the
44. The smallest range between high and low tides occurs during significance of each?
a. full moon. 11. What is the meaning of (a) noon, (b) a.m., and (c) p.m.?
b. new moon.
12. Explain why standard time zones were established. In terms of
c. quarter moon phases.
longitude, how wide is a standard time zone? Why was this width
d. an eclipse.
chosen?
45. Earth’s axis points toward
13. When it is 12 noon in Texas, what time is it (a) in Jacksonville,
a. constellation Aquarius.
Florida; (b) in Bakersfield, California; (c) at the North Pole?
b. constellation Leo.
14. Explain why a lunar eclipse is not observed once a month.
c. the North Star.
d. Vega. 15. Use a sketch and briefly describe the conditions necessary for a
total eclipse of the Sun.
46. At the summer solstice, the Sun is
a. low in the Northern Hemisphere sky. 16. Using sketches, briefly describe the positions of Earth, Moon,
b. high in the Northern Hemisphere sky. and Sun during each of the major moon phases.
c. directly over the tropic of Capricorn. 17. If you were on the Moon as people on Earth observed a full
d. directly over the equator. moon, in what phase would you observe Earth?
47. Earth is positioned between the Sun and the Moon in a nearly 18. What are the smooth, dark areas that can be observed on the face
straight line. This positioning results in a (an) of the Moon? When did they form?
a. lunar eclipse. 19. What made all the craters that can be observed on the Moon?
b. solar eclipse. When did this happen?
c. annular eclipse. 20. What phase is the Moon in if it rises at sunset? Explain your
d. new moon. reasoning.
Answers: 21. Why doesn’t an eclipse of the Sun occur at each new moon when
1. c 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. d 10. c 11. b 12. c 13. a 14. b the Moon is between Earth and the Sun?
15. d 16. a 17. b 18. b 19. c 20. d 21. d 22. c 23. a 24. b 25. c 26. c 22. Is the length of time required for the Moon to make one
27. a 28. d 29. d 30. c 31. b 32. c 33. d 34. b 35. d 36. d 37. a 38. c complete revolution around Earth the same length of time
39. d 40. b 41. a 42. b 43. a 44. c 45. c 46. b 47. a required for a complete cycle of moon phases? Explain.
23. What is an annular eclipse? Which is more common, an annular
eclipse or a total solar eclipse? Why?
QUESTIONS FOR THOUGHT
24. Does an eclipse of the Sun occur during any particular moon
phase? Explain.
1. Briefly describe the more conspicuous of Earth’s motions. 25. Identify the moon phases that occur with (a) a spring tide and
Identify which of these motions are independent of the Sun and (b) a neap tide.
the galaxy.
26. What was the basic problem with the Julian calendar? How does
2. Describe some evidences that (a) Earth is shaped as a sphere and the Gregorian calendar correct this problem?
(b) Earth moves.
27. What is the source of the dust found on the Moon?
3. Use sketches with brief explanations to describe how the 28. Describe the four stages in the Moon’s history.
constant inclination and constant orientation of Earth’s axis
produce (a) a variation in the number of daylight hours and 29. Explain why everyone on the dark side of Earth can see a lunar
(b) a variation in seasons throughout a year. eclipse but only a limited few ever see a solar eclipse on the
lighted side.
4. Where on Earth are you if you observe the following at the
instant of apparent local noon on September 23? (a) The shadow 30. Explain why there are two tidal bulges on opposite sides of Earth.
from a vertical stick points northward. (b) There is no shadow 31. Describe how the Foucault pendulum provides evidence that
on a clear day. (c) The shadow from a vertical stick points Earth turns on its axis.
southward.
5. What is the meaning of the word solstice? What causes solstices? FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS
On about what dates do solstices occur?
6. What is the meaning of equinox? What causes equinoxes? On
about what dates do equinoxes occur? 1. What is the significance of the special designation of the latitudes
called the tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle?
7. What is precession?
2. What are the significant similarities and differences between a
8. Briefly describe how Earth’s axis is used as a reference for a
system that identifies locations on Earth’s surface. solstice and an equinox?

430 CHAPTER 16 Earth in Space 16-26