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Group A—Continued Group B—Continued
10. At a location at low latitude, a stick measuring 0.75 m casts a 10. At a location at low latitude, a stick measuring 1.20 m casts a
0.33 m shadow. A similar stick casts a 2.23 m shadow at a 0.48 m shadow. A similar stick casts a 3.78 m shadow at a
location at a high latitude. What is the insolation in each case? location at a high latitude. What is the insolation in each case?
(Refer to example 22.4 and assume the maximum insolation on a (Refer to example 22.4 and assume the maximum insolation on a
3
2
2
3
clear day is 1.0 × 10 W/m .) clear day is 1.0 × 10 W/m .)
11. The table below lists average monthly temperature data for a city. 11. The table below lists monthly temperature data for a city. In
In which principal climate zone is this city located? which principal climate zone is this city located?
Month Temperature (°C) Month Temperature (°C)
Jan 28.4 Jan −22.5
Feb 28.7 Feb −30.3
Mar 29.4 Mar −26.1
Apr 29.0 Apr −17.3
May 27.1 May −4.7
Jun 26.6 Jun 3.9
Jul 26.1 Jul 5.8
Aug 26.1 Aug 7.0
Sep 26.6 Sep 0.6
Oct 27.2 Oct −5.8
Nov 27.7 Nov −16.6
Dec 27.0 Dec −22.6
12. The table below lists average monthly temperature data and total 12. The table below lists average monthly temperature data and total
monthly precipitation data for a city in North America. In which monthly precipitation data for a city in North America. In which
major climate zone is this city located? (Refer to Table 23.1 and major climate zone is this city located? (Refer to Table 23.1 and
Figure 23.30.) Figure 23.30.)

Month Temperature (°C) Precipitation (mm) Month Temperature (°C) Precipitation (mm)
Jan 0.7 74 Jan 14.2 20
Feb 0.5 46 Feb 13.1 25
Mar 2.3 88 Mar 22.5 32
Apr 8.3 136 Apr 22.5 22
May 11.6 168 May 28.6 0
Jun 19.1 95 Jun 33.1 0
Jul 22.9 16 Jul 34.7 15
Aug 22.2 50 Aug 33.8 9
Sep 19.6 93 Sep 31.2 4
Oct 9.7 107 Oct 24.0 20
Nov 4.1 116 Nov 16.1 13
Dec −1.3 85 Dec 13.3 40

13. The heat island effect can be reduced by increasing the albedo 13. The energy usage of urban buildings can be reduced by
(α), the ratio of total reflected to total incident solar radiation of increasing the albedo (α) of urban roofing materials to reflect
urban materials to reflect solar radiation so it is not absorbed. solar radiation. What is the reflected solar radiation for painted
What is the reflected solar radiation for asphalt, which has an roof, which has an albedo of 0.15, and high-albedo roof, which
albedo of 0.12, and concrete, which has an albedo of 0.55? has an albedo of 0.9? (Assume the incoming solar radiation is
2
2
2
2
(Assume the incoming solar radiation is 9.1 × 10 W/m .) 8.4 × 10 W/m .)
14. From Table 23.2, what percentage of the total human-made 14. From Table 23.2, what percentage of the total natural greenhouse
greenhouse gases is human-made carbon dioxide? gases is natural carbon dioxide?
15. From Table 23.2, what percentage of the total human-made 15. From Table 23.2, what percentage of the total natural greenhouse
greenhouse gases is human-made methane? gases is natural methane?

596 CHAPTER 23 Weather and Climate 23-32