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Group A—Continued Group B—Continued
4. On an annual basis, the precipitation in a watershed is 254 mm, the 4. On an annual basis, the precipitation in a watershed is 1,778 mm,
surface water discharge is 30 mm, and the groundwater discharge is the surface water discharge is 584 mm, and the groundwater
21 mm. What is the combined actual evapotranspiration from this discharge is 279 mm. What is the combined actual
watershed? What percentage of the watershed budget is each evapotranspiration from this watershed? What percentage of the
component? watershed budget is each component?
2
2
2
5. A watershed has an area of 1,157 km in a region where the 5. A watershed has an area of 9.84 × 10 km in a region where the
average annual surface runoff is 737 mm. What is the volume of average annual surface runoff is 305 mm. What is the volume of
the surface runoff? the surface runoff?
6. Tracer dye is introduced to a cavernous limestone aquifer in a 6. Tracer dye is introduced to a sand and gravel aquifer in a gravel
cave. The dye appears in a spring 12 hours later at a spring pit. The dye appears 28.5 hours later at a spring located 3.8 km
located 14.7 km away from where the dye was introduced. What away from where the dye was introduced. What is the
is the groundwater flow velocity? groundwater flow velocity?
7. Solvent was spilled into the water table during the filling of an 7. An underground storage tank at a service station leaks into the
underground tank at a manufacturing plant. Some 429 days later water table. A soluble constituent of the fuel is detected in a
the solvent was detected in a monitor well located 229 m away public water supply well 547 m away 1 year 31 days later. What is
from the tank. What is the groundwater flow velocity? (Assume the groundwater flow velocity? (Assume the constituent moves
the solvent moves with groundwater like tracer dye.) with groundwater like tracer dye.)
8. Porosity (ϕ) is equal to the volume of the void space (V V ) 8. A specimen of shale has a mass of 17.25 g dry and 22.24 g wet.
3
divided by the total volume (V T ) of the rock. One method for The volume of the specimen is 12.15 cm . What is the porosity of
measuring the volume of the pore space is described in the the shale?
“Room for Water” Concepts Applied exercise on page 602. By
this method, V V is the difference in mass between the saturated
and dry rock sample divided by the density of water, and V T is
measured by displacement of a liquid that cannot enter the pores
of the rock. A specimen of sandstone has a mass of 18.02 g dry
3
and 20.46 g wet. The volume of the specimen is 9.24 cm . What
is the porosity of the sandstone?
9. A sandstone aquifer with a porosity of 0.21 has an areal extent of 9. A gravel aquifer with a porosity of 0.38 has an areal extent of
2
2
25 km and a saturated thickness of 12.3 m. How much 324 km and a saturated thickness of 53 m. How much
groundwater, in cubic meters, is stored in this aquifer? groundwater, in cubic meters, is stored in this aquifer?
10. A confined aquifer at a depth of 42.5 meters is encountered while 10. A confined aquifer at a depth of 34.8 meters is encountered
drilling a water well. The surface elevation of the well is during the drilling of a water well. The surface elevation of the
187.2 meters. What must the minimum static groundwater well is 267.4 meters. What must the minimum static groundwater
elevation be in this well for it to be considered artesian? elevation be in this well for it to be considered artesian?
5
2
11. A sea-salt manufacturing plant has an evaporating pond with an 11. A shallow basin by the ocean has an area of 4.3 × 10 m and
4
2
area of 2.5 × 10 m and depth of 3.5 m. The seawater used in depth of 1.7 m. Seawater with a salinity of 32‰ periodically fills
the process has a salinity of 36‰. How many kilograms of sea this basin and later evaporates completely. How many kilograms
salt does each batch produce when the water in the pond is of salt are deposited each time this basin is completely
3
completely evaporated? (Assume the density of seawater is evaporated? (Assume the density of seawater is 1.03 g/cm .)
3
1.03 g/cm .)
12. A beach slopes at 6.8 centimeters per meter. Waves are breaking 12. A beach slopes at 8.7 centimeters per meter. Waves are breaking
in a surf zone that is 24 m offshore, and the wavelength is in a surf zone that is 31 m offshore, and the wavelength is
9.5 meters. How far offshore will wave base encounter the 7.0 meters. How far offshore will wave base encounter the
bottom? What is the wave height of the breakers? bottom? What is the wave height of the breakers?
13. A swimmer has been in the water for one-half hour and notices 13. A swimmer in an inner tube would like to ride the longshore
she has moved 87 m from her towel and umbrella on the beach. current 0.21 km along the beach to the concession stand. The
What is the speed of the longshore current? current is moving at 7.4 m/min. How long will it take the
swimmer to reach the concession stand?
14. Cold, dense water moves in a deep ocean current with a flow 14. A surface ocean current has a flow rate, or discharge (Q), of
7
3
6
3
rate, or discharge (Q), of 7.5 × 10 m per second. This current is 6.9 × 10 m per second. This current is 105 km wide by 940 m
3.5 km in diameter. What is the velocity of this current? deep. What is the velocity of this current?
15. On a passive continental margin, the continental shelf is 76 km 15. On an active continental margin, the continental shelf is 16 km
wide and extends to a depth of 200 m below sea level where it wide and extends to a depth of 175 m below sea level where it
meets the continental slope. The continental slope on this meets the continental slope. The continental slope on this
margin is 14 km wide and is 1,600 m deep where it meets the margin descends over a distance of 94 km to the bottom of the
continental rise. What is the slope of the continental shelf and oceanic trench. The trench is 7,300 m deep. What is the slope of
continental slope? the continental shelf and continental slope?

622 CHAPTER 24 Earth’s Waters 24-26